<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Junglen, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kurth, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kuehl, H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quan, P-L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ellerbrok, H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pauli, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitsche, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nunn, C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rich, S M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lipkin, W I</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Briese, T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leendertz, F H</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Examining landscape factors influencing relative distribution of mosquito genera and frequency of virus infection.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecohealth</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecohealth</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Africa, Western</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Culicidae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecosystem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect Vectors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymerase Chain Reaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Population Surveillance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RNA Viruses</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tropical Climate</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">239-49</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mosquito-borne infections cause some of the most debilitating human diseases, including yellow fever and malaria, yet we lack an understanding of how disease risk scales with human-driven habitat changes. We present an approach to study variation in mosquito distribution and concomitant viral infections on the landscape level. In a pilot study we analyzed mosquito distribution along a 10-km transect of a West African rainforest area, which included primary forest, secondary forest, plantations, and human settlements. Variation was observed in the abundance of Anopheles, Aedes, Culex, and Uranotaenia mosquitoes between the different habitat types. Screening of trapped mosquitoes from the different habitats led to the isolation of five uncharacterized viruses of the families Bunyaviridae, Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Rhabdoviridae, as well as an unclassified virus. Polymerase chain reaction screening for these five viruses in individual mosquitoes indicated a trend toward infection with specific viruses in specific mosquito genera that differed by habitat. Based on these initial analyses, we believe that further work is indicated to investigate the impact of anthropogenic landscape changes on mosquito distribution and accompanying arbovirus infection.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19915916?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rich, S M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armstrong, P M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, R D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Telford, S R</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lone star tick-infecting borreliae are most closely related to the agent of bovine borreliosis.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Clin Microbiol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Clin. Microbiol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borrelia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borrelia Infections</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cattle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cattle Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flagellin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lyme Disease</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phylogeny</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relapsing Fever</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RNA, Bacterial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RNA, Ribosomal, 16S</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Species Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tick-Borne Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ticks</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">494-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Although Borrelia theileri, the agent of bovine borreliosis, was described at the turn of the century (in 1903), its relationship with borreliae causing Lyme disease or relapsing fever remains undescribed. We tested the previously published hypothesis that spirochetes infecting Lone Star ticks (Amblyomma americanum) may comprise B. theileri by analyzing the 16S ribosomal DNAs (rDNAs) and flagellin genes of these spirochetes. B. theileri, the Amblyomma agent, and B. miyamotoi formed a natural group or clade distinct from but most closely related to that of the relapsing fever spirochetes. B. theileri and the Amblyomma agent were 97 and 98% similar at the nucleotide level within the analyzed portions of the 16S rDNA and the flagellin gene respectively, suggesting a recent divergence. The agent of bovine borreliosis might be explored as a surrogate antigen for the as-yet-uncultivatable Amblyomma agent in studies designed to explore the etiology of a Lyme disease-like infection associated with Lone Star ticks.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11158095?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Widmer, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Akiyoshi, D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Buckholt, M A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feng, X</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rich, S M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deary, K M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bowman, C A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xu, P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Y</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, X</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Buck, G A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tzipori, S</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animal propagation and genomic survey of a genotype 1 isolate of Cryptosporidium parvum.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mol Biochem Parasitol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mol. Biochem. Parasitol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cryptosporidiosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cryptosporidium parvum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genome, Protozoan</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genotype</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Germ-Free Life</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice, Knockout</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Sequence Data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymerase Chain Reaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sequence Analysis, DNA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000 May</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">108</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">187-97</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Human cryptosporidiosis is attributed to two major Cryptosporidium parvum genotypes of which type 1 appears to be the predominant. Most laboratory investigations however are performed using genotype 2 isolates, the only type which readily infects laboratory animals. So far type 1 has only been identified in humans and primates. A type 1 isolate, obtained from an individual with HIV and cryptosporidiosis, was successfully adapted to propagate in gnotobiotic piglets. Genotypic characterization of oocyst DNA from this isolate using multiple restriction fragment length polymorphisms, a genotype-specific PCR marker, and direct sequence analysis of two polymorphic loci confirmed that this isolate, designated NEMC1, is indeed type 1. No changes in the genetic profile were identified during multiple passages in piglets. In contrast, the time period between infection and onset of fecal oocyst shedding, an indicator of adaptation, decreased with increasing number of passages. Consistent with other type 1 isolates, NEMC1 failed to infect mice. A preliminary survey of the NEMC1 genome covering approximately 2% of the genome and encompassing 200 kb of unique sequence showed an average similarity of approximately 95% between type 1 and 2 sequences. Twenty-four percent of the NEMC1 sequences were homologous to previously determined genotype 2 C. parvum sequences. To our knowledge, this is the first successful serial propagation of genotype 1 in animals, which should facilitate characterization of the unique features of this human pathogen.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10838221?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feng, X</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rich, S M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Akiyoshi, D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tumwine, J K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kekitiinwa, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nabukeera, N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tzipori, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Widmer, G</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extensive polymorphism in Cryptosporidium parvum identified by multilocus microsatellite analysis.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appl Environ Microbiol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appl. Environ. Microbiol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Base Sequence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cattle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cryptosporidiosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cryptosporidium parvum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA, Protozoan</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karyotyping</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice, Knockout</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microsatellite Repeats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Sequence Data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymerase Chain Reaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymorphism, Genetic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sequence Analysis, DNA</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000 Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3344-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Restriction fragment length polymorphism and DNA sequence analysis discern two main types of Cryptosporidium parvum. We present a survey of length polymorphism at several microsatellite loci for type 1 and type 2 isolates. A total of 14 microsatellite loci were identified from C. parvum DNA sequences deposited in public databases. All repeats were mono-, di-, and trinucleotide repeats of A, AT, and AAT, reflecting the high AT content of the C. parvum genome. Several of these loci showed significant length polymorphism, with as many as seven alleles identified for a single locus. Differences between alleles ranged from 1 to 27 bp. Karyotype analysis using probes flanking three microsatellites localized each marker to an individual chromosomal band, suggesting that these markers are single copy. In a sample of 19 isolates for which at least three microsatellites were typed, a majority of isolates displayed a unique multilocus fingerprint. Microsatellite analysis of isolates passaged between different host species identified genotypic changes consistent with changes in parasite populations.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10919789?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayala, F J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Escalante, A A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rich, S M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution of Plasmodium and the recent origin of the world populations of Plasmodium falciparum.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parassitologia</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parassitologia</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amino Acid Sequence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Base Sequence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA, Protozoan</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution, Molecular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hominidae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merozoite Surface Protein 1</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Sequence Data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plasmodium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plasmodium falciparum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymorphism, Genetic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sequence Alignment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999 Sep</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55-68</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We have investigated the evolution of Plasmodium parasites by analyzing DNA sequences of several genes. We reach the following conclusions: (1) The four human parasites, P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale, and P. vivax are very remotely related to each other, so that their evolutionary divergence predates the origin of the hominids; several of these parasites became associated with the human lineage by lateral transfer from other hosts. (2) P. falciparum diverged from P. reichenowi about 8 million years ago, consistently with the time of divergence of the human lineage from the apes; a parsimonious inference is that falciparum has been associated with humans since the origin of the hominids. (3) P. malariae is genetically indistinguishable from P. brasilianum, a parasite of New World monkeys; and, similarly. (4) P. vivax is genetically indistinguishable from the New World monkey parasite P. simium. We infer in each of these two cases a very recent lateral transfer between the human and monkey hosts, and explore alternative hypotheses about the direction of the transfer. We have also investigated the population structure of P. falciparum by analyzing 10 genes and conclude that the extant world populations of this parasite have evolved from a single strain within the last several thousand years. The extensive polymorphisms observed in the highly repetitive central region of the Csp gene, as well as the apparently very divergent two classes of alleles at the Msa-1 gene, are consistent with this conclusion.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10697834?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rich, S M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Licht, M C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hudson, R R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayala, F J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malaria's Eve: evidence of a recent population bottleneck throughout the world populations of Plasmodium falciparum.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Africa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Demography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA, Protozoan</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution, Molecular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genes, Protozoan</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Life Cycle Stages</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malaria</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malaria, Falciparum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Netherlands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phylogeny</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plasmodium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plasmodium falciparum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymorphism, Genetic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">South America</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998 Apr 14</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">95</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4425-30</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We have analyzed DNA sequences from world-wide geographic strains of Plasmodium falciparum and found a complete absence of synonymous DNA polymorphism at 10 gene loci. We hypothesize that all extant world populations of the parasite have recently derived (within several thousand years) from a single ancestral strain. The upper limit of the 95% confidence interval for the time when this most recent common ancestor lived is between 24,500 and 57,500 years ago (depending on different estimates of the nucleotide substitution rate); the actual time is likely to be much more recent. The recent origin of the P. falciparum populations could have resulted from either a demographic sweep (P. falciparum has only recently spread throughout the world from a small geographically confined population) or a selective sweep (one strain favored by natural selection has recently replaced all others). The selective sweep hypothesis requires that populations of P. falciparum be effectively clonal, despite the obligate sexual stage of the parasite life cycle. A demographic sweep that started several thousand years ago is consistent with worldwide climatic changes ensuing the last glaciation, increased anthropophilia of the mosquito vectors, and the spread of agriculture. P. falciparum may have rapidly spread from its African tropical origins to the tropical and subtropical regions of the world only within the last 6,000 years. The recent origin of the world-wide P. falciparum populations may account for its virulence, as the most malignant of human malarial parasites.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9539753?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caporale, D A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rich, S M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spielman, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Telford, S R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kocher, T D</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discriminating between Ixodes ticks by means of mitochondrial DNA sequences.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mol Phylogenet Evol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arachnid Vectors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Base Sequence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dermacentor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA Primers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA, Mitochondrial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ixodes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Sequence Data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phylogeny</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymerase Chain Reaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RNA, Ribosomal, 16S</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Species Specificity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">361-5</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ticks of the genus Ixodes have recently assumed prominence because they frequently serve as vectors of important zoonoses, including Lyme disease and babesiosis. The morphological characteristics that have been used in their identification often are ambiguous and are useful solely at a particular stage of development. Here we report the DNA sequence of the mitochondrially encoded 16S rRNA gene of nine different Ixodes ticks and an outgroup from another genus, Dermacentor. The sequences readily discriminate between these ticks. Samples of I. dammini from the northeastern and upper midwestern United States differ from southeastern I. scapularis at about 2% of the nucleotides. This difference is about half that separating other members of the I. ricinus group of species, but exceeds typical levels of intraspecific variation. Two major clades exist within the I. ricinus complex. One includes I. cookei, I. hexagonus, and I. angustus. The other includes I. persulcatus, I. pacificus, I. muris, I. ricinus, I. scapularis, and I. dammini. We conclude that mtDNA sequences are useful for unravelling the systematics of these important vectors of human disease.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8747292?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, R P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rand, P W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lacombe, E H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Telford, S R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rich, S M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Piesman, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spielman, A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Norway rats as reservoir hosts for Lyme disease spirochetes on Monhegan Island, Maine.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Infect Dis</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Infect. Dis.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals, Domestic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antibodies, Bacterial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borrelia burgdorferi Group</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Reservoirs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Vectors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dogs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Incidence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lyme Disease</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ticks</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993 Sep</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">168</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">687-91</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">To determine whether the agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, may be maintained in the absence of its usual white-footed mouse reservoir host, Ixodes dammini ticks from an island where mice are absent were examined. Prevalence of spirochetal infection was described for ticks removed from mammals, birds, and vegetation on Monhegan Island, Maine. Forty percent of adult I. dammini removed from vegetation were infected. Norway rats were heavily infested with ticks, and &gt; 60% of such ticks contained spirochetes. Other hosts were less frequently infested by ticks, and few such ticks were infected by spirochetes. The prevalence of antibody to B. burgdorferi was 23% in dogs and cats; 4% of island residents had Lyme disease. Thus, rats maintain Lyme disease spirochetes on Monhegan Island, and there may be transmission of this agent by I. dammini to island residents and their pets.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8354910?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record></records></xml>