@article {3138,
	title = {Field evidence of selenium bioreduction in a uranium-contaminated aquifer.},
	journal = {Environ Microbiol Rep},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2013},
	month = {2013 Jun},
	pages = {444-52},
	abstract = {<p>Removal of selenium from groundwater was documented during injection of acetate into a uranium-contaminated aquifer near Rifle, Colorado (USA). Bioreduction of aqueous selenium to its elemental form (Se0) concentrated it within mineralized biofilms affixed to tubing used to circulate acetate-amended groundwater. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed close association between Se0 precipitates and cell surfaces, with Se0 aggregates having a diameter of 50-60 nm. Accumulation of Se0 within biofilms occurred over a three-week interval at a rate of c. 9 mg Se0 m(-2) tubing day(-1). Removal was inferred to result from the activity of a mixed microbial community within the biofilms capable of coupling acetate oxidation to the reduction of oxygen, nitrate and selenate. Phylogenetic analysis of the biofilm revealed a community dominated by strains of Dechloromonas sp. and Thauera sp., with isolates exhibiting genetic similarity to the latter known to reduce selenate to Se0. Enrichment cultures of selenate-respiring microorganisms were readily established using Rifle site groundwater and acetate, with cultures dominated by strains closely related to D. aromatica (96-99\% similarity). Predominance of Dechloromonas sp. in recovered biofilms and enrichments suggests this microorganism may play a role in the removal of selenium oxyanions present in Se-impacted groundwaters and sediments.</p>},
	keywords = {Acetates, Betaproteobacteria, Biodegradation, Environmental, Biofilms, Colorado, Groundwater, Humans, Microbial Consortia, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxygen, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Selenic Acid, Selenium, Selenium Compounds, Thauera, Uranium, Water Pollutants, Chemical},
	issn = {1758-2229},
	doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.12032},
	author = {Williams, Kenneth H and Wilkins, Michael J and N{\textquoteright}Guessan, A Lucie and Arey, Bruce and Dodova, Elena and Dohnalkova, Alice and Holmes, Dawn and Lovley, Derek R and Long, Philip E}
}
@article {605,
	title = {Humics as an electron donor for anaerobic respiration.},
	journal = {Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999 Feb},
	pages = {89-98},
	abstract = {The possibility that microorganisms might use reduced humic substances (humics) as an electron donor for the reduction of electron acceptors with a more positive redox potential was investigated. All of the Fe(III)- and humics-reducing microorganisms evaluated were capable of oxidizing reduced humics and/or the reduced humics analogue anthrahydroquinone-2,6,-disulphonate (AHODS), with nitrate and/or fumarate as the electron acceptor. These included Geobacter metallireducens, Geobacter sulphurreducens, Geothrix fermentans, Shewanella alga, Wolinella succinogenes and {\textquoteright}S. barnesii{\textquoteright}. Several of the humics-oxidizing microorganisms grew in medium with AHQDS as the sole electron donor and fumarate as the electron acceptor. Even though it does not reduce Fe(III) or humics, Paracoccus denitrificans could use AHQDS and reduced humics as electron donors for denitrification. However, another denitrifier, Pseudomonas denitrificans, could not. AHODS could also serve as an electron donor for selenate and arsenate reduction by W. succinogenes. Electron spin resonance studies demonstrated that humics oxidation was associated with the oxidation of hydroquinone moieties in the humics. Studies with G. metallireducens and W. succinogenes demonstrated that the anthraquinone-2,6-disulphonate (AQDS)/AHQDS redox couple mediated an interspecies electron transfer between the two organisms. These results suggest that, as microbially reduced humics enter less reduced zones of soils and sediments, the reduced humics may serve as electron donors for microbial reduction of several environmentally significant electron acceptors.},
	keywords = {Aerobiosis, Anaerobiosis, Anthraquinones, Arsenates, Bacteria, Electron Transport, Fumarates, Humic Substances, Selenium Compounds, Tumor Cells, Cultured},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	author = {Lovley, D R and Fraga, J L and Coates, J D and Blunt-Harris, E L}
}
@article {618,
	title = {Sulfurospirillum barnesii sp. nov. and Sulfurospirillum arsenophilum sp. nov., new members of the Sulfurospirillum clade of the epsilon Proteobacteria.},
	journal = {Int J Syst Bacteriol},
	volume = {49 Pt 3},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999 Jul},
	pages = {1177-80},
	abstract = {Two strains of dissimilatory arsenate-reducing vibrio-shaped bacteria are assigned to the genus Sulfurospirillum. These two new species, Sulfurospirillum barnesii strain SES-3T and Sulfurospirillum arsenophilum strain MIT-13T, in addition to Sulfurospirillum sp. SM-5, two strains of Sulfurospirillum deleyianum, and Sulfurospirillum arcachonense, form a distinct clade within the epsilon subclass of the Proteobacteria based on 16S rRNA analysis.},
	keywords = {Arsenates, Bacterial Typing Techniques, DNA, Ribosomal, Genes, rRNA, Gram-Negative Bacteria, Molecular Sequence Data, Oxidation-Reduction, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Selenium Compounds, Sequence Analysis, DNA},
	issn = {0020-7713},
	author = {Stolz, J F and Ellis, D J and Blum, J S and Ahmann, D and Lovley, D R and Oremland, R S}
}
