@article {3143,
	title = {Fluctuations in species-level protein expression occur during element and nutrient cycling in the subsurface.},
	journal = {PLoS One},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2013},
	month = {2013},
	pages = {e57819},
	abstract = {<p>While microbial activities in environmental systems play a key role in the utilization and cycling of essential elements and compounds, microbial activity and growth frequently fluctuates in response to environmental stimuli and perturbations. To investigate these fluctuations within a saturated aquifer system, we monitored a carbon-stimulated in situ Geobacter population while iron reduction was occurring, using 16S rRNA abundances and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry proteome measurements. Following carbon amendment, 16S rRNA analysis of temporally separated samples revealed the rapid enrichment of Geobacter-like environmental strains with strong similarity to G. bemidjiensis. Tandem mass spectrometry proteomics measurements suggest high carbon flux through Geobacter respiratory pathways, and the synthesis of anapleurotic four carbon compounds from acetyl-CoA via pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity. Across a 40-day period where Fe(III) reduction was occurring, fluctuations in protein expression reflected changes in anabolic versus catabolic reactions, with increased levels of biosynthesis occurring soon after acetate arrival in the aquifer. In addition, localized shifts in nutrient limitation were inferred based on expression of nitrogenase enzymes and phosphate uptake proteins. These temporal data offer the first example of differing microbial protein expression associated with changing geochemical conditions in a subsurface environment.</p>},
	keywords = {Biomass, Carbon, Environment, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Geobacter, Groundwater, Humic Substances, Iron, Oxidation-Reduction, Phosphates, Plankton, Proteomics, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Uranium, Vanadium, Water Microbiology},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0057819},
	author = {Wilkins, Michael J and Wrighton, Kelly C and Nicora, Carrie D and Williams, Kenneth H and McCue, Lee Ann and Handley, Kim M and Miller, Chris S and Giloteaux, Ludovic and Montgomery, Alison P and Lovley, Derek R and Banfield, Jillian F and Long, Philip E and Lipton, Mary S}
}
@article {726,
	title = {Biodegradation of ethylene dibromide (1,2-dibromoethane [EDB]) in microcosms simulating in situ and biostimulated conditions.},
	journal = {J Hazard Mater},
	volume = {209-210},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012 Mar 30},
	pages = {92-8},
	abstract = {Although 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB) is a common groundwater contaminant, there is the lack of knowledge surrounding EDB biodegradation, especially under aerobic conditions. We have performed an extensive microcosm study to investigate the biodegradation of EDB under simulated in situ and biostimulated conditions. The materials for soil microcosms were collected from an EDB-contaminated aquifer at the Massachusetts Military Reservation in Cape Cod, MA. This EDB plume has persisted for nearly 40 years in both aerobic and anaerobic EDB zones of the aquifer. Microcosms were constructed under environmentally relevant conditions (field EDB and DO concentrations; incubated at 12{\textdegree}C). The results showed that natural attenuation occurred under anaerobic conditions but not under aerobic conditions, explaining why aerobic EDB contamination is so persistent. EDB degradation rates were greater under biostimulated conditions for both the aerobic and anaerobic microcosms. Particularly for aerobic biostimulation, methane-amended microcosms degraded EDB, on average, at a first order rate eight times faster than unamended microcosms. The best performing replicate achieved an EDB degradation rate of 7.0 yr(-1) (half-life (t(1/2))=0.10 yr). Residual methane concentrations and the emergence of methanotrophic bacteria, measured by culture independent bacterial analysis, provided strong indications that EDB degradation in aerobic methane-amended microcosms occurred via cometabolic degradation. These results indicate the potential for enhanced natural attenuation of EDB and that methane could be considered co-substrate for EDB bioremediation for the EDB-contaminated groundwater in aerobic zone.},
	keywords = {Aerobiosis, Anaerobiosis, Biodegradation, Environmental, Ethylene Dibromide, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants, Chemical},
	issn = {1873-3336},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.067},
	author = {McKeever, Robert and Sheppard, Diane and N{\"u}sslein, Klaus and Baek, Kyung-Hwa and Rieber, Khalil and Ergas, Sarina J and Forbes, Rose and Hilyard, Mark and Park, Chul}
}
@article {1206,
	title = {Hydrogen-limited growth of hyperthermophilic methanogens at deep-sea hydrothermal vents.},
	journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	volume = {109},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012 Aug 21},
	pages = {13674-9},
	abstract = {<p>Microbial productivity at hydrothermal vents is among the highest found anywhere in the deep ocean, but constraints on microbial growth and metabolism at vents are lacking. We used a combination of cultivation, molecular, and geochemical tools to verify pure culture H(2) threshold measurements for hyperthermophilic methanogenesis in low-temperature hydrothermal fluids from Axial Volcano and Endeavour Segment in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Two Methanocaldococcus strains from Axial and Methanocaldococcus jannaschii showed similar Monod growth kinetics when grown in a bioreactor at varying H(2) concentrations. Their H(2) half-saturation value was 66 μM, and growth ceased below 17-23 μM H(2), 10-fold lower than previously predicted. By comparison, measured H(2) and CH(4) concentrations in fluids suggest that there was generally sufficient H(2) for Methanocaldococcus growth at Axial but not at Endeavour. Fluids from one vent at Axial (Marker 113) had anomalously high CH(4) concentrations and contained various thermal classes of methanogens based on cultivation and mcrA/mrtA analyses. At Endeavour, methanogens were largely undetectable in fluid samples based on cultivation and molecular screens, although abundances of hyperthermophilic heterotrophs were relatively high. Where present, Methanocaldococcus genes were the predominant mcrA/mrtA sequences recovered and comprised \~{}0.2-6\% of the total archaeal community. Field and coculture data suggest that H(2) limitation may be partly ameliorated by H(2) syntrophy with hyperthermophilic heterotrophs. These data support our estimated H(2) threshold for hyperthermophilic methanogenesis at vents and highlight the need for coupled laboratory and field measurements to constrain microbial distribution and biogeochemical impacts in the deep sea.</p>},
	keywords = {Archaea, Biodiversity, Coculture Techniques, DNA, Ribosomal, Ecosystem, Gases, Geography, Hydrogen, Hydrothermal Vents, Kinetics, Methane, Molecular Sequence Data, Temperature, Time Factors, Water Microbiology},
	issn = {1091-6490},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1206632109},
	author = {Ver Eecke, Helene C and Butterfield, David A and Huber, Julie A and Lilley, Marvin D and Olson, Eric J and Roe, Kevin K and Evans, Leigh J and Merkel, Alexandr Y and Cantin, Holly V and Holden, James F}
}
@article {728,
	title = {Performance of a pilot-scale packed bed reactor for perchlorate reduction using a sulfur oxidizing bacterial consortium.},
	journal = {Biotechnol Bioeng},
	volume = {109},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012 Mar},
	pages = {637-46},
	abstract = {A novel sulfur-utilizing perchlorate reducing bacterial consortium successfully treated perchlorate (ClO$_{4}$$^{-}$) in prior batch and bench-scale packed bed reactor (PBR) studies. This study examined the scale up of this process for treatment of water from a ClO $_{4}$$^{-}$ and RDX contaminated aquifer in Cape Cod Massachusetts. A pilot-scale upflow PBR (\~{}250-L) was constructed with elemental sulfur and crushed oyster shell packing media. The reactor was inoculated with sulfur oxidizing ClO$_{4}$$^{-}$ reducing cultures enriched from a wastewater seed. Sodium sulfite provided a good method of dissolved oxygen removal in batch cultures, but was found to promote the growth of bacteria that carry out sulfur disproportionation and sulfate reduction, which inhibited ClO$_{4}$$^{-}$ reduction in the pilot system. After terminating sulfite addition, the PBR successfully removed 96\% of the influent ClO$_{4}$$^{-}$ in the groundwater at an empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 12 h (effluent ClO$_{4}$$^{-}$ of 4.2 {\textmu}g L(-1)). Simultaneous ClO$_{4}$$^{-}$ and NO$_{3}$$^{-}$ reduction was observed in the lower half of the reactor before reactions shifted to sulfur disproportionation and sulfate reduction. Analyses of water quality profiles were supported by molecular analysis, which showed distinct groupings of ClO$_{4}$$^{-}$ and NO$_{3}$$^{-}$ degrading organisms at the inlet of the PBR, while sulfur disproportionation was the primary biological process occurring in the top potion of the reactor.},
	keywords = {Bioreactors, Cluster Analysis, DNA, Bacterial, DNA, Ribosomal, Massachusetts, Microbial Consortia, Molecular Sequence Data, Oxidation-Reduction, Perchloric Acid, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Sulfites, Sulfur, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Water Purification},
	issn = {1097-0290},
	doi = {10.1002/bit.24354},
	author = {Boles, Amber R and Conneely, Teresa and McKeever, Robert and Nixon, Paul and N{\"u}sslein, Klaus R and Ergas, Sarina J}
}
@article {438,
	title = {Genome-scale dynamic modeling of the competition between Rhodoferax and Geobacter in anoxic subsurface environments.},
	journal = {ISME J},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011 Feb},
	pages = {305-16},
	abstract = {The advent of rapid complete genome sequencing, and the potential to capture this information in genome-scale metabolic models, provide the possibility of comprehensively modeling microbial community interactions. For example, Rhodoferax and Geobacter species are acetate-oxidizing Fe(III)-reducers that compete in anoxic subsurface environments and this competition may have an influence on the in situ bioremediation of uranium-contaminated groundwater. Therefore, genome-scale models of Geobacter sulfurreducens and Rhodoferax ferrireducens were used to evaluate how Geobacter and Rhodoferax species might compete under diverse conditions found in a uranium-contaminated aquifer in Rifle, CO. The model predicted that at the low rates of acetate flux expected under natural conditions at the site, Rhodoferax will outcompete Geobacter as long as sufficient ammonium is available. The model also predicted that when high concentrations of acetate are added during in situ bioremediation, Geobacter species would predominate, consistent with field-scale observations. This can be attributed to the higher expected growth yields of Rhodoferax and the ability of Geobacter to fix nitrogen. The modeling predicted relative proportions of Geobacter and Rhodoferax in geochemically distinct zones of the Rifle site that were comparable to those that were previously documented with molecular techniques. The model also predicted that under nitrogen fixation, higher carbon and electron fluxes would be diverted toward respiration rather than biomass formation in Geobacter, providing a potential explanation for enhanced in situ U(VI) reduction in low-ammonium zones. These results show that genome-scale modeling can be a useful tool for predicting microbial interactions in subsurface environments and shows promise for designing bioremediation strategies.},
	keywords = {Acetates, Anaerobiosis, Biodegradation, Environmental, Biomass, Comamonadaceae, Genome, Genome, Bacterial, Geobacter, Models, Biological, Nitrogen Fixation, Quaternary Ammonium Compounds, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Uranium, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants, Radioactive},
	issn = {1751-7370},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2010.117},
	author = {Zhuang, Kai and Izallalen, Mounir and Mouser, Paula and Richter, Hanno and Risso, Carla and Mahadevan, Radhakrishnan and Lovley, Derek R}
}
@article {420,
	title = {Molecular analysis of the metabolic rates of discrete subsurface populations of sulfate reducers.},
	journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011 Sep},
	pages = {6502-9},
	abstract = {Elucidating the in situ metabolic activity of phylogenetically diverse populations of sulfate-reducing microorganisms that populate anoxic sedimentary environments is key to understanding subsurface ecology. Previous pure culture studies have demonstrated that the transcript abundance of dissimilatory (bi)sulfite reductase genes is correlated with the sulfate-reducing activity of individual cells. To evaluate whether expression of these genes was diagnostic for subsurface communities, dissimilatory (bi)sulfite reductase gene transcript abundance in phylogenetically distinct sulfate-reducing populations was quantified during a field experiment in which acetate was added to uranium-contaminated groundwater. Analysis of dsrAB sequences prior to the addition of acetate indicated that Desulfobacteraceae, Desulfobulbaceae, and Syntrophaceae-related sulfate reducers were the most abundant. Quantifying dsrB transcripts of the individual populations suggested that Desulfobacteraceae initially had higher dsrB transcripts per cell than Desulfobulbaceae or Syntrophaceae populations and that the activity of Desulfobacteraceae increased further when the metabolism of dissimilatory metal reducers competing for the added acetate declined. In contrast, dsrB transcript abundance in Desulfobulbaceae and Syntrophaceae remained relatively constant, suggesting a lack of stimulation by added acetate. The indication of higher sulfate-reducing activity in the Desulfobacteraceae was consistent with the finding that Desulfobacteraceae became the predominant component of the sulfate-reducing community. Discontinuing acetate additions resulted in a decline in dsrB transcript abundance in the Desulfobacteraceae. These results suggest that monitoring transcripts of dissimilatory (bi)sulfite reductase genes in distinct populations of sulfate reducers can provide insight into the relative rates of metabolism of different components of the sulfate-reducing community and their ability to respond to environmental perturbations.},
	keywords = {Biodiversity, Deltaproteobacteria, DNA, Bacterial, Gene Expression Profiling, Hydrogensulfite Reductase, Molecular Sequence Data, Oxidation-Reduction, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Soil Microbiology, Sulfates, Water Microbiology},
	issn = {1098-5336},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.00576-11},
	author = {Miletto, M and Williams, K H and N{\textquoteright}Guessan, A L and Lovley, D R}
}
@article {423,
	title = {Monitoring the metabolic status of geobacter species in contaminated groundwater by quantifying key metabolic proteins with Geobacter-specific antibodies.},
	journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011 Jul},
	pages = {4597-602},
	abstract = {Simple and inexpensive methods for assessing the metabolic status and bioremediation activities of subsurface microorganisms are required before bioremediation practitioners will adopt molecular diagnosis of the bioremediation community as a routine practice for guiding the development of bioremediation strategies. Quantifying gene transcripts can diagnose important aspects of microbial physiology during bioremediation but is technically challenging and does not account for the impact of translational modifications on protein abundance. An alternative strategy is to directly quantify the abundance of key proteins that might be diagnostic of physiological state. To evaluate this strategy, an antibody-based quantification approach was developed to investigate subsurface Geobacter communities. The abundance of citrate synthase corresponded with rates of metabolism of Geobacter bemidjiensis in chemostat cultures. During in situ bioremediation of uranium-contaminated groundwater the quantity of Geobacter citrate synthase increased with the addition of acetate to the groundwater and decreased when acetate amendments stopped. The abundance of the nitrogen-fixation protein, NifD, increased as ammonium became less available in the groundwater and then declined when ammonium concentrations increased. In a petroleum-contaminated aquifer, the abundance of BamB, an enzyme subunit involved in the anaerobic degradation of mono-aromatic compounds by Geobacter species, increased in zones in which Geobacter were expected to play an important role in aromatic hydrocarbon degradation. These results suggest that antibody-based detection of key metabolic proteins, which should be readily adaptable to standardized kits, may be a feasible method for diagnosing the metabolic state of microbial communities responsible for bioremediation, aiding in the rational design of bioremediation strategies.},
	keywords = {Acetates, Antibodies, Bacterial, Bacterial Proteins, Geobacter, Petroleum, Quaternary Ammonium Compounds, Soil Microbiology, Water Microbiology},
	issn = {1098-5336},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.00114-11},
	author = {Yun, Jiae and Ueki, Toshiyuki and Miletto, Marzia and Lovley, Derek R}
}
@article {433,
	title = {Analysis of biostimulated microbial communities from two field experiments reveals temporal and spatial differences in proteome profiles.},
	journal = {Environ Sci Technol},
	volume = {44},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010 Dec 1},
	pages = {8897-903},
	abstract = {Stimulated by an acetate-amendment field experiment conducted in 2007, anaerobic microbial populations in the aquifer at the Rifle Integrated Field Research Challenge site in Colorado reduced mobile U(VI) to insoluble U(IV). During this experiment, planktonic biomass was sampled at various time points to quantitatively evaluate proteomes. In 2008, an acetate-amended field experiment was again conducted in a similar manner to the 2007 experiment. As there was no comprehensive metagenome sequence available for use in proteomics analysis, we systematically evaluated 12 different organism genome sequences to generate sets of aggregate genomes, or "pseudo-metagenomes", for supplying relative quantitative peptide and protein identifications. Proteomics results support previous observations of the dominance of Geobacteraceae during biostimulation using acetate as sole electron donor, and revealed a shift from an early stage of iron reduction to a late stage of iron reduction. Additionally, a shift from iron reduction to sulfate reduction was indicated by changes in the contribution of proteome information contributed by different organism genome sequences within the aggregate set. In addition, the comparison of proteome measurements made between the 2007 field experiment and 2008 field experiment revealed differences in proteome profiles. These differences may be the result of alterations in abundance and population structure within the planktonic biomass samples collected for analysis.},
	keywords = {Bacteria, Biodiversity, Biomass, Fresh Water, Plankton, Proteome, Water Microbiology},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	doi = {10.1021/es101029f},
	author = {Callister, Stephen J and Wilkins, Michael J and Nicora, Carrie D and Williams, Kenneth H and Banfield, Jillian F and VerBerkmoes, Nathan C and Hettich, Robert L and N{\textquoteright}Guessan, Lucie and Mouser, Paula J and Elifantz, Hila and Smith, Richard D and Lovley, Derek R and Lipton, Mary S and Long, Philip E}
}
@article {457,
	title = {Proteogenomic monitoring of Geobacter physiology during stimulated uranium bioremediation.},
	journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009 Oct},
	pages = {6591-9},
	abstract = {Implementation of uranium bioremediation requires methods for monitoring the membership and activities of the subsurface microbial communities that are responsible for reduction of soluble U(VI) to insoluble U(IV). Here, we report a proteomics-based approach for simultaneously documenting the strain membership and microbial physiology of the dominant Geobacter community members during in situ acetate amendment of the U-contaminated Rifle, CO, aquifer. Three planktonic Geobacter-dominated samples were obtained from two wells down-gradient of acetate addition. Over 2,500 proteins from each of these samples were identified by matching liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry spectra to peptides predicted from seven isolate Geobacter genomes. Genome-specific peptides indicate early proliferation of multiple M21 and Geobacter bemidjiensis-like strains and later possible emergence of M21 and G. bemidjiensis-like strains more closely related to Geobacter lovleyi. Throughout biostimulation, the proteome is dominated by enzymes that convert acetate to acetyl-coenzyme A and pyruvate for central metabolism, while abundant peptides matching tricarboxylic acid cycle proteins and ATP synthase subunits were also detected, indicating the importance of energy generation during the period of rapid growth following the start of biostimulation. Evolving Geobacter strain composition may be linked to changes in protein abundance over the course of biostimulation and may reflect changes in metabolic functioning. Thus, metagenomics-independent community proteogenomics can be used to diagnose the status of the subsurface consortia upon which remediation biotechnology relies.},
	keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Bacterial Proteins, Biodegradation, Environmental, Genomics, Geobacter, Molecular Sequence Data, Oxidation-Reduction, Peptide Mapping, Plankton, Proteomics, Uranium, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants, Radioactive},
	issn = {1098-5336},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.01064-09},
	author = {Wilkins, Michael J and VerBerkmoes, Nathan C and Williams, Kenneth H and Callister, Stephen J and Mouser, Paula J and Elifantz, Hila and N{\textquoteright}guessan, Lucie A and Thomas, Brian C and Nicora, Carrie D and Shah, Manesh B and Abraham, Paul and Lipton, Mary S and Lovley, Derek R and Hettich, Robert L and Long, Philip E and Banfield, Jillian F}
}
@article {743,
	title = {Arsenic sequestration by nitrate respiring microbial communities in urban lake sediments.},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007 Dec},
	pages = {329-36},
	abstract = {Changes in microbial community composition and activity were related to geochemical conditions favoring arsenic sequestration in sediments collected from the urban, arsenic-contaminated Upper Mystic Lake. After amendment with nitrate, >94\% total soluble arsenic is sequestered by Fe(III)-(oxy)hydroxides generated in live sediments. Of this sequestered arsenic, >75\% existed as As(III), indicating As redox state alone is not responsible for changes in mobility. Arsenic sequestration was concurrent with the microbial respiration of nitrate as indicated by steady state hydrogen concentration and the presence of organisms similar to nitrate-reducing, iron-oxidizing bacteria belonging to the genus Dechloromonas in 16S rDNA clone libraries.},
	keywords = {Arsenic, Betaproteobacteria, Biodegradation, Environmental, DNA, Bacterial, DNA, Ribosomal, Fresh Water, Geologic Sediments, Massachusetts, Nitrates, Oxidation-Reduction, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Urbanization, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants, Chemical},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.05.094},
	author = {Gibney, Brian P and N{\"u}sslein, Klaus}
}
@article {744,
	title = {Salinity constraints on subsurface archaeal diversity and methanogenesis in sedimentary rock rich in organic matter.},
	journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {73},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007 Jul},
	pages = {4171-9},
	abstract = {The diversity of microorganisms active within sedimentary rocks provides important controls on the geochemistry of many subsurface environments. In particular, biodegradation of organic matter in sedimentary rocks contributes to the biogeochemical cycling of carbon and other elements and strongly impacts the recovery and quality of fossil fuel resources. In this study, archaeal diversity was investigated along a salinity gradient spanning 8 to 3,490 mM Cl(-) in a subsurface shale rich in CH(4) derived from biodegradation of sedimentary hydrocarbons. Shale pore waters collected from wells in the main CH(4)-producing zone lacked electron acceptors such as O(2), NO(3)(-), Fe(3+), or SO(4)(2-). Acetate was detected only in high-salinity waters, suggesting that acetoclastic methanogenesis is inhibited at Cl(-) concentrations above approximately 1,000 mM. Most-probable-number series revealed differences in methanogen substrate utilization (acetate, trimethylamine, or H(2)/CO(2)) associated with chlorinity. The greatest methane production in enrichment cultures was observed for incubations with salinity at or close to the native pore water salinity of the inoculum. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses of archaeal 16S rRNA genes from seven wells indicated that there were links between archaeal communities and pore water salinity. Archaeal clone libraries constructed from sequences from 16S rRNA genes isolated from two wells revealed phylotypes similar to a halophilic methylotrophic Methanohalophilus species and a hydrogenotrophic Methanoplanus species at high salinity and a single phylotype closely related to Methanocorpusculum bavaricum at low salinity. These results show that several distinct communities of methanogens persist in this subsurface, CH(4)-producing environment and that each community is adapted to particular conditions of salinity and preferential substrate use and each community induces distinct geochemical signatures in shale formation waters.},
	keywords = {Archaea, Base Sequence, Cloning, Molecular, DNA Primers, Genes, Archaeal, Genetic Variation, Geologic Sediments, Methane, Michigan, Molecular Sequence Data, Organic Chemicals, Phylogeny, RNA, Archaeal, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Sodium Chloride, Soil, Soil Microbiology, Water Microbiology},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.02810-06},
	author = {Waldron, Patricia J and Petsch, Steven T and Martini, Anna M and N{\"u}sslein, Klaus and N{\"u}slein, Klaus}
}
@article {565,
	title = {Extending the upper temperature limit for life.},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {301},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003 Aug 15},
	pages = {934},
	keywords = {Archaea, Culture Media, Ferric Compounds, Hot Temperature, Oxidation-Reduction, Pacific Ocean, Water Microbiology},
	issn = {1095-9203},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1086823},
	author = {Kashefi, Kazem and Lovley, Derek R}
}
@article {566,
	title = {Metabolism of organic compounds in anaerobic, hydrothermal sulphate-reducing marine sediments.},
	journal = {Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003 Jul},
	pages = {583-91},
	abstract = {Previous studies of hot (>80 degrees C) microbial ecosystems have primarily relied on the study of pure cultures or analysis of 16S rDNA sequences. In order to gain more information on anaerobic metabolism by natural communities in hot environments, sediments were collected from a shallow marine hydrothermal vent system in Baia di Levante, Vulcano, Italy and incubated under strict anaerobic conditions at 90 degrees C. Sulphate reduction was the predominant terminal electron-accepting process in the sediments. The addition of molybdate inhibited sulphate reduction in the sediments and resulted in a linear accumulation of acetate and hydrogen over time. [U-14C]- acetate was completely oxidized to 14CO2, and the addition of molybdate inhibited 14CO2 production by 60\%. [U-14C]-glucose was oxidized to 14CO2, and this was inhibited when molybdate was added. When the pool sizes of short-chain fatty acids were artificially increased, radiolabel from [U-14C]-glucose accumulated in the acetate pool. L-[U-14C]-glutamate, [ring-14C]-benzoate and [U-14C]-palmitate were also anaerobically oxidized to 14CO2 in the sediments, but molybdate had little effect on the oxidation of these compounds. These results demonstrate that natural microbial communities living in a hot, microbial ecosystem can oxidize acetate and a range of other organic electron donors under sulphate-reducing conditions and suggest that acetate is an important extracellular intermediate in the anaerobic degradation of organic matter in hot microbial ecosystems.},
	keywords = {Acetates, Anaerobiosis, Bacteria, Anaerobic, Benzoates, Carbon Dioxide, Ecosystem, Geologic Sediments, Glucose, Glutamic Acid, Hot Temperature, Hydrogen, Italy, Molybdenum, Organic Chemicals, Oxidation-Reduction, Palmitates, Seawater, Sulfates, Water Microbiology},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	author = {Tor, Jason M and Amend, Jan P and Lovley, Derek R}
}
@article {581,
	title = {Geoglobus ahangari gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel hyperthermophilic archaeon capable of oxidizing organic acids and growing autotrophically on hydrogen with Fe(III) serving as the sole electron acceptor.},
	journal = {Int J Syst Evol Microbiol},
	volume = {52},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002 May},
	pages = {719-28},
	abstract = {A novel, regular to irregular, coccoid-shaped, anaerobic, Fe(III)-reducing microorganism was isolated from the Guaymas Basin hydrothermal system at a depth of 2000 m. Isolation was carried out with a new technique using Fe(III) oxide as the electron acceptor for the recovery of colonies on solid medium. The isolate, designated strain 234T, was strictly anaerobic and exhibited a tumbling motility. The cells had a single flagellum. Strain 234T grew at temperatures between 65 and 90 degrees C, with an optimum at about 88 degrees C. The optimal salt concentration for growth was around 19 g l(-1). The isolate was capable of growth with H2 as the sole electron donor coupled to the reduction of Fe(III) without the need for an organic carbon source. This is the first example of a dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing micro-organism capable of growing autotrophically on hydrogen. In addition to molecular hydrogen, strain 234T oxidizes pyruvate, acetate, malate, succinate, peptone, formate, fumarate, yeast extract, glycerol, isoleucine, arginine, serine, glutamine, asparagine, stearate, palmitate, valerate, butyrate and propionate with the reduction of Fe(III). This isolate is the first example of a hyperthermophile capable of oxidizing long-chain fatty acids anaerobically. Isolate 234T grew exclusively with Fe(III) as the sole electron acceptor. The G+C content was 58.7 mol\%. Based on detailed analysis of its 16S rDNA sequence, G+C content, distinguishing physiological features and metabolism, strain 234T is proposed to represent a novel genus within the Archaeoglobales. The name proposed for strain 234T is Geoglobus ahangari gen. nov., sp. nov..},
	keywords = {Anaerobiosis, Archaea, Bacterial Typing Techniques, DNA, Ribosomal, Electron Transport, Fatty Acids, Ferric Compounds, Hot Temperature, Hydrogen, Molecular Sequence Data, Oxidation-Reduction, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Water Microbiology},
	issn = {1466-5026},
	author = {Kashefi, Kazem and Tor, Jason M and Holmes, Dawn E and Gaw Van Praagh, Catherine V and Reysenbach, Anna-Louise and Lovley, Derek R}
}
@article {589,
	title = {A hydrogen-based subsurface microbial community dominated by methanogens.},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {415},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002 Jan 17},
	pages = {312-5},
	abstract = {The search for extraterrestrial life may be facilitated if ecosystems can be found on Earth that exist under conditions analogous to those present on other planets or moons. It has been proposed, on the basis of geochemical and thermodynamic considerations, that geologically derived hydrogen might support subsurface microbial communities on Mars and Europa in which methanogens form the base of the ecosystem. Here we describe a unique subsurface microbial community in which hydrogen-consuming, methane-producing Archaea far outnumber the Bacteria. More than 90\% of the 16S ribosomal DNA sequences recovered from hydrothermal waters circulating through deeply buried igneous rocks in Idaho are related to hydrogen-using methanogenic microorganisms. Geochemical characterization indicates that geothermal hydrogen, not organic carbon, is the primary energy source for this methanogen-dominated microbial community. These results demonstrate that hydrogen-based methanogenic communities do occur in Earth{\textquoteright}s subsurface, providing an analogue for possible subsurface microbial ecosystems on other planets.},
	keywords = {Bacteria, DNA, Archaeal, DNA, Bacterial, Ecosystem, Euryarchaeota, Exobiology, Hydrogen, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Water Microbiology},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/415312a},
	author = {Chapelle, Francis H and O{\textquoteright}Neill, Kathleen and Bradley, Paul M and Meth{\'e}, Barbara A and Ciufo, Stacy A and Knobel, LeRoy L and Lovley, Derek R}
}
@article {600,
	title = {Comment on "Abiotic controls on H2 production from basalt-water reactions and implications for aquifer biogeochemistry".},
	journal = {Environ Sci Technol},
	volume = {35},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001 Apr 1},
	pages = {1556-9},
	keywords = {Hydrogen, Minerals, Organic Chemicals, Oxidation-Reduction, Silicates, Water, Water Microbiology},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	author = {Anderson, R T and Chapelle, F H and Lovley, D R}
}
@article {868,
	title = {Characterization, seasonal occurrence, and diel fluctuation of poly(hydroxyalkanoate) in photosynthetic microbial mats.},
	journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000 Oct},
	pages = {4279-91},
	abstract = {In situ poly(hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) levels and repeating-unit compositions were examined in stratified photosynthetic microbial mats from Great Sippewissett Salt Marsh, Mass., and Ebro Delta, Spain. Unlike what has been observed in pure cultures of phototrophic bacteria, the prevalence of hydroxyvalerate (HV) repeating units relative to hydroxybutyrate (HB) repeating units was striking. In the cyanobacteria-dominated green material of Sippewissett mats, the mole percent ratio of repeating units was generally 1HB:1HV. In the purple sulfur bacteria-dominated pink material the relationship was typically 1HB:2HV. In Sippewissett mats, PHA contributed about 0.5 to 1\% of the organic carbon in the green layer and up to 6\% in the pink layer. In Ebro Delta mats, PHA of approximately 1HB:2HV-repeating-unit distribution contributed about 2\% of the organic carbon of the composite photosynthetic layers (the green and pink layers were not separated). Great Sippewissett Salt Marsh mats were utilized for more extensive investigation of seasonal, diel, and exogenous carbon effects. When the total PHA content was normalized to organic carbon, there was little seasonal variation in PHA levels. However, routine daily variation was evident at all sites and seasons. In every case, PHA levels increased during the night and decreased during the day. This phenomenon was conspicuous in the pink layer, where PHA levels doubled overnight. The daytime declines could be inhibited by artificial shading. Addition of exogenous acetate, lactate, and propionate induced two- to fivefold increases in the total PHA levels when applied in the daylight but had no effect when applied at night. The distinct diel pattern of in situ PHA accumulation at night appears to be related, in some phototrophs, to routine dark energy metabolism and is not influenced by the availability of organic nutrients.},
	keywords = {Alkanes, Biofilms, Hydroxybutyrates, Massachusetts, Photosynthesis, Seasons, Spain, Valerates, Water, Water Microbiology},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	author = {Rothermich, M M and Guerrero, R and Lenz, R W and Goodwin, S}
}
@article {616,
	title = {Geothrix fermentans gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel Fe(III)-reducing bacterium from a hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer.},
	journal = {Int J Syst Bacteriol},
	volume = {49 Pt 4},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999 Oct},
	pages = {1615-22},
	abstract = {In an attempt to understand better the micro-organisms involved in anaerobic degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons in the Fe(III)-reducing zone of petroleum-contaminated aquifers, Fe(III)-reducing micro-organisms were isolated from contaminated aquifer material that had been adapted for rapid oxidation of toluene coupled to Fe(III) reduction. One of these organisms, strain H-5T, was enriched and isolated on acetate/Fe(III) medium. Strain H-5T is a Gram-negative strict anaerobe that grows with various simple organic acids such as acetate, propionate, lactate and fumarate as alternative electron donors with Fe(III) as the electron acceptor. In addition, strain H-5T also oxidizes long-chain fatty acids such as palmitate with Fe(III) as the sole electron acceptor. Strain H-5T can also grow by fermentation of citrate or fumarate in the absence of an alternative electron acceptor. The primary end-products of citrate fermentation are acetate and succinate. In addition to various forms of soluble and insoluble Fe(III), strain H-5T grows with nitrate, Mn(IV), fumarate and the humic acid analogue 2,6-anthraquinone disulfonate as alternative electron acceptors. As with other organisms that can oxidize organic compounds completely with the reduction of Fe(III), cell suspensions of strain H-5T have absorbance maxima indicative of a c-type cytochrome(s). It is proposed that strain H-5T represents a novel genus in the Holophaga-Acidobacterium phylum and that it should be named Geothrix fermentans sp. nov., gen. nov.},
	keywords = {Biodegradation, Environmental, DNA, Bacterial, DNA, Ribosomal, Ferric Compounds, Geologic Sediments, Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria, Molecular Sequence Data, Oxidation-Reduction, Petroleum, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Water Supply},
	issn = {0020-7713},
	author = {Coates, J D and Ellis, D J and Gaw, C V and Lovley, D R}
}
@article {622,
	title = {Humic acids as electron acceptors for anaerobic microbial oxidation of vinyl chloride and dichloroethene.},
	journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {64},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998 Aug},
	pages = {3102-5},
	abstract = {Anaerobic oxidation of [1,2-14C]vinyl chloride and [1, 2-14C]dichloroethene to 14CO2 under humic acid-reducing conditions was demonstrated. The results indicate that waterborne contaminants can be oxidized by using humic acid compounds as electron acceptors and suggest that natural aquatic systems have a much larger capacity for contaminant oxidation than previously thought.},
	keywords = {Aerobiosis, Anaerobiosis, Bacteria, Biodegradation, Environmental, Geologic Sediments, Humic Substances, Oxidation-Reduction, Vinyl Chloride, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	author = {Bradley, P M and Chapelle, F H and Lovley, D R}
}
@article {625,
	title = {Recovery of humic-reducing bacteria from a diversity of environments.},
	journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {64},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998 Apr},
	pages = {1504-9},
	abstract = {To evaluate which microorganisms might be responsible for microbial reduction of humic substances in sedimentary environments, humic-reducing bacteria were isolated from a variety of sediment types. These included lake sediments, pristine and contaminated wetland sediments, and marine sediments. In each of the sediment types, all of the humic reducers recovered with acetate as the electron donor and the humic substance analog, 2,6-anthraquinone disulfonate (AQDS), as the electron acceptor were members of the family Geobacteraceae. This was true whether the AQDS-reducing bacteria were enriched prior to isolation on solid media or were recovered from the highest positive dilutions of sediments in liquid media. All of the isolates tested not only conserved energy to support growth from acetate oxidation coupled to AQDS reduction but also could oxidize acetate with highly purified soil humic acids as the sole electron acceptor. All of the isolates tested were also able to grow with Fe(III) serving as the sole electron acceptor. This is consistent with previous studies that have suggested that the capacity for Fe(III) reduction is a common feature of all members of the Geobacteraceae. These studies demonstrate that the potential for microbial humic substance reduction can be found in a wide variety of sediment types and suggest that Geobacteraceae species might be important humic-reducing organisms in sediments.},
	keywords = {Acetic Acid, Anthraquinones, Base Sequence, DNA Primers, Electron Transport, Fresh Water, Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria, Humic Substances, Iron, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Bacterial, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Seawater, Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria, Water Microbiology},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	author = {Coates, J D and Ellis, D J and Blunt-Harris, E L and Gaw, C V and Roden, E E and Lovley, D R}
}
@article {628,
	title = {Anaerobic degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkanes in petroleum-contaminated marine harbor sediments.},
	journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {63},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997 Sep},
	pages = {3589-93},
	abstract = {Although polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have usually been found to persist under strict anaerobic conditions, in a previous study an unusual site was found in San Diego Bay in which two PAHs, naphthalene and phenanthrene, were oxidized to carbon dioxide under sulfate-reducing conditions. Further investigations with these sediments revealed that methylnaphthalene, fluorene, and fluoranthene were also anaerobically oxidized to carbon dioxide in these sediments, while pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene were not. Studies with naphthalene indicated that PAH oxidation was sulfate dependent. Incubating the sediments with additional naphthalene for 1 month resulted in a significant increase in the oxidation of [14C]naphthalene. In sediments from a less heavily contaminated site in San diego Bay where PAHs were not readily degraded, naphthalene degradation could be stimulated through inoculation with active PAH-degrading sediments from the most heavily contaminated site. Sediments from the less heavily contaminated site that had been adapted for rapid anaerobic degradation of high concentrations of benzene did not oxidize naphthalene, suggesting that the benzene- and naphthalene-degrading populations were different. When fuels containing complex mixtures of alkanes were added to sediments from the two sites, there was significant degradation in the alkanes. [14C]hexadecane was also anaerobically oxidized to 14CO2 in these sediments. Molybdate, a specific inhibitor of sulfate reduction, inhibited hexadecane oxidation. These results demonstrate that a wide variety of hydrocarbon contaminants can be degraded under sulfate-reducing conditions in hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments, and they suggest that it may be possible to use sulfate reduction rather than aerobic respiration as a treatment strategy for hydrocarbon-contaminated dredged sediments.},
	keywords = {Alkanes, Anaerobiosis, Biodegradation, Environmental, California, Naphthalenes, Oxidation-Reduction, Petroleum, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic, Sulfates, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants, Chemical},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	author = {Coates, J D and Woodward, J and Allen, J and Philp, P and Lovley, D R}
}
@article {627,
	title = {Dissimilatory arsenate and sulfate reduction in Desulfotomaculum auripigmentum sp. nov.},
	journal = {Arch Microbiol},
	volume = {168},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997 Nov},
	pages = {380-8},
	abstract = {A newly discovered arsenate-reducing bacterium, strain OREX-4, differed significantly from strains MIT-13 and SES-3, the previously described arsenate-reducing isolates, which grew on nitrate but not on sulfate. In contrast, strain OREX-4 did not respire nitrate but grew on lactate, with either arsenate or sulfate serving as the electron acceptor, and even preferred arsenate. Both arsenate and sulfate reduction were inhibited by molybdate. Strain OREX-4, a gram-positive bacterium with a hexagonal S-layer on its cell wall, metabolized compounds commonly used by sulfate reducers. Scorodite (FeAsO42. H2O) an arsenate-containing mineral, provided micromolar concentrations of arsenate that supported cell growth. Physiologically and phylogenetically, strain OREX-4 was far-removed from strains MIT-13 and SES-3: strain OREX-4 grew on different electron donors and electron acceptors, and fell within the gram-positive group of the Bacteria, whereas MIT-13 and SES-3 fell together in the epsilon-subdivision of the Proteobacteria. Together, these results suggest that organisms spread among diverse bacterial phyla can use arsenate as a terminal electron acceptor, and that dissimilatory arsenate reduction might occur in the sulfidogenic zone at arsenate concentrations of environmental interest. 16S rRNA sequence analysis indicated that strain OREX-4 is a new species of the genus Desulfotomaculum, and accordingly, the name Desulfotomaculum auripigmentum is proposed.},
	keywords = {Arsenates, Bacteria, Anaerobic, Biotransformation, Geologic Sediments, Gram-Positive Endospore-Forming Rods, Molecular Sequence Data, Oxidation-Reduction, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Substrate Specificity, Sulfates, Sulfides, Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria, Water Microbiology},
	issn = {0302-8933},
	author = {Newman, D K and Kennedy, E K and Coates, J D and Ahmann, D and Ellis, D J and Lovley, D R and Morel, F M}
}
@article {633,
	title = {Isolation of Geobacter species from diverse sedimentary environments.},
	journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {62},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996 May},
	pages = {1531-6},
	abstract = {In an attempt to better understand the microorganisms responsible for Fe(III) reduction in sedimentary environments, Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms were enriched for and isolated from freshwater aquatic sediments, a pristine deep aquifer, and a petroleum-contaminated shallow aquifer. Enrichments were initiated with acetate or toluene as the electron donor and Fe(III) as the electron acceptor. Isolations were made with acetate or benzoate. Five new strains which could obtain energy for growth by dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction were isolated. All five isolates are gram-negative strict anaerobes which grow with acetate as the electron donor and Fe(III) as the electron acceptor. Analysis of the 16S rRNA sequence of the isolated organisms demonstrated that they all belonged to the genus Geobacter in the delta subdivision of the Proteobacteria. Unlike the type strain, Geobacter metallireducens, three of the five isolates could use H2 as an electron donor for Fe(III) reduction. The deep subsurface isolate is the first Fe(III) reducer shown to completely oxidize lactate to carbon dioxide, while one of the freshwater sediment isolates is only the second Fe(III) reducer known that can oxidize toluene. The isolation of these organisms demonstrates that Geobacter species are widely distributed in a diversity of sedimentary environments in which Fe(III) reduction is an important process.},
	keywords = {Base Sequence, Ferric Compounds, Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, RNA, Bacterial, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Water Microbiology},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	author = {Coates, J D and Phillips, E J and Lonergan, D J and Jenter, H and Lovley, D R}
}
@article {637,
	title = {Desulfuromonas palmitatis sp. nov., a marine dissimilatory Fe(III) reducer that can oxidize long-chain fatty acids.},
	journal = {Arch Microbiol},
	volume = {164},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995 Dec},
	pages = {406-13},
	abstract = {Studies on the microorganisms living in hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments in San Diego Bay, California led to the isolation of a novel Fe(III)-reducing microorganism. This organism, designated strain SDBY1, was an obligately anaerobic, non-motile, non-flagellated, gram-negative rod. Strain SDBY1 conserves energy to support growth from the oxidation of acetate, lactate, succinate, fumarate, laurate, palmitate, or stearate. H2 was also oxidized with the reduction of Fe(III), but growth with H2 as the sole electron donor was not observed. In addition to various forms of soluble and insoluble Fe(III), strain SDBY1 also coupled growth to the reduction of fumarate, Mn(IV), or S0. Air-oxidized minus dithionite-reduced difference spectra exhibited peaks at 552.8, 523.6, and 422.8 nm, indicative of c-type cytochrome(s). Strain SDBY1 shares physiological characteristics with organisms in the genera Geobacter, Pelobacter, and Desulfuromonas. Detailed analysis of the 16S rRNA sequence indicated that strain SDBY1 should be placed in the genus Desulfuromonas. The new species name Desulfuromonas palmitatis is proposed. D. palmitatis is only the second marine organism found (after D. acetoxidans) to oxidize multicarbon organic compounds completely to carbon dioxide with Fe(III) as an electron acceptor and provides the first pure culture model for the oxidation of long-chain fatty acids coupled to Fe(III) reduction.},
	keywords = {Electron Transport, Fatty Acids, Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria, Iron, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Oxidation-Reduction, Phylogeny, RNA, Bacterial, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Water Microbiology},
	issn = {0302-8933},
	author = {Coates, J D and Lonergan, D J and Philips, E J and Jenter, H and Lovley, D R}
}
@article {656,
	title = {Dissimilatory Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction.},
	journal = {Microbiol Rev},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991 Jun},
	pages = {259-87},
	abstract = {The oxidation of organic matter coupled to the reduction of Fe(III) or Mn(IV) is one of the most important biogeochemical reactions in aquatic sediments, soils, and groundwater. This process, which may have been the first globally significant mechanism for the oxidation of organic matter to carbon dioxide, plays an important role in the oxidation of natural and contaminant organic compounds in a variety of environments and contributes to other phenomena of widespread significance such as the release of metals and nutrients into water supplies, the magnetization of sediments, and the corrosion of metal. Until recently, much of the Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction in sedimentary environments was considered to be the result of nonenzymatic processes. However, microorganisms which can effectively couple the oxidation of organic compounds to the reduction of Fe(III) or Mn(IV) have recently been discovered. With Fe(III) or Mn(IV) as the sole electron acceptor, these organisms can completely oxidize fatty acids, hydrogen, or a variety of monoaromatic compounds. This metabolism provides energy to support growth. Sugars and amino acids can be completely oxidized by the cooperative activity of fermentative microorganisms and hydrogen- and fatty-acid-oxidizing Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reducers. This provides a microbial mechanism for the oxidation of the complex assemblage of sedimentary organic matter in Fe(III)- or Mn(IV)-reducing environments. The available evidence indicates that this enzymatic reduction of Fe(III) or Mn(IV) accounts for most of the oxidation of organic matter coupled to reduction of Fe(III) and Mn(IV) in sedimentary environments. Little is known about the diversity and ecology of the microorganisms responsible for Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction, and only preliminary studies have been conducted on the physiology and biochemistry of this process.},
	keywords = {Bacteria, Electron Transport, Ferric Compounds, Fungi, Geological Phenomena, Geology, Manganese, Oxidation-Reduction, Soil Microbiology, Water Microbiology},
	issn = {0146-0749},
	author = {Lovley, D R}
}
