@article {3068,
	title = {Protein Nanowires: the Electrification of the Microbial World and Maybe Our Own.},
	journal = {J Bacteriol},
	volume = {202},
	year = {2020},
	month = {2020 Sep 23},
	abstract = {<p>Electrically conductive protein nanowires appear to be widespread in the microbial world and are a revolutionary "green" material for the fabrication of electronic devices. Electrically conductive pili (e-pili) assembled from type IV pilin monomers have independently evolved multiple times in microbial history as have electrically conductive archaella (e-archaella) assembled from homologous archaellin monomers. A role for e-pili in long-range (micrometer) extracellular electron transport has been demonstrated in some microbes. The surprising finding of e-pili in syntrophic bacteria and the role of e-pili as conduits for direct interspecies electron transfer have necessitated a reassessment of routes for electron flux in important methanogenic environments, such as anaerobic digesters and terrestrial wetlands. Pilin monomers similar to those found in e-pili may also be a major building block of the conductive "cables" that transport electrons over centimeter distances through continuous filaments of cable bacteria consisting of a thousand cells or more. Protein nanowires harvested from microbes have many functional and sustainability advantages over traditional nanowire materials and have already yielded novel electronic devices for sustainable electricity production, neuromorphic memory, and sensing. e-pili can be mass produced with an  chassis, providing a ready source of material for electronics as well as for studies on the basic mechanisms for long-range electron transport along protein nanowires. Continued exploration is required to better understand the electrification of microbial communities with microbial nanowires and to expand the "green toolbox" of sustainable materials for wiring and powering the emerging "Internet of things."</p>},
	keywords = {Electric Conductivity, Electron Transport, Fimbriae Proteins, Fimbriae, Bacterial, Geobacter, Microscopy, Electron, Nanowires, Protein Engineering},
	issn = {1098-5530},
	doi = {10.1128/JB.00331-20},
	author = {Lovley, Derek R and Holmes, Dawn E}
}
@article {696,
	title = {Compartmentalization of lipid biosynthesis in mycobacteria.},
	journal = {J Biol Chem},
	volume = {280},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005 Jun 3},
	pages = {21645-52},
	abstract = {The plasma membrane of Mycobacterium sp. is the site of synthesis of several distinct classes of lipids that are either retained in the membrane or exported to the overlying cell envelope. Here, we provide evidence that enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of two major lipid classes, the phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs) and aminophospholipids, are compartmentalized within the plasma membrane. Enzymes involved in the synthesis of early PIM intermediates were localized to a membrane subdomain termed PMf, that was clearly resolved from the cell wall by isopyknic density centrifugation and amplified in rapidly dividing Mycobacterium smegmatis. In contrast, the major pool of apolar PIMs and enzymes involved in polar PIM biosynthesis were localized to a denser fraction that contained both plasma membrane and cell wall markers (PM-CW). Based on the resistance of the PIMs to solvent extraction in live but not lysed cells, we propose that polar PIM biosynthesis occurs in the plasma membrane rather than the cell wall component of the PM-CW. Enzymes involved in phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis also displayed a highly polarized distribution between the PMf and PM-CW fractions. The PMf was greatly reduced in non-dividing cells, concomitant with a reduction in the synthesis and steady-state levels of PIMs and amino-phospholipids and the redistribution of PMf marker enzymes to non-PM-CW fractions. The formation of the PMf and recruitment of enzymes to this domain may thus play a role in regulating growth-specific changes in the biosynthesis of membrane and cell wall lipids.},
	keywords = {Bacterial Proteins, Biochemistry, Cell Membrane, Cell Wall, Hemagglutinins, Lipid Metabolism, Lipids, Mannosides, Mannosyltransferases, Microscopy, Electron, Models, Biological, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Phosphatidylethanolamines, Phosphatidylinositols, Phospholipids, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Subcellular Fractions},
	issn = {0021-9258},
	doi = {10.1074/jbc.M414181200},
	author = {Morita, Yasu S and Velasquez, Ren{\'e} and Taig, Ellen and Waller, Ross F and Patterson, John H and Tull, Dedreia and Williams, Spencer J and Billman-Jacobe, Helen and McConville, Malcolm J}
}
@article {385,
	title = {Closing the gaps in kinetoplast DNA network replication.},
	journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	volume = {101},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004 Mar 30},
	pages = {4333-4},
	keywords = {Animals, Crithidia fasciculata, DNA Ligases, DNA Replication, DNA, Kinetoplast, DNA, Mitochondrial, Microscopy, Electron, Trypanosoma brucei brucei},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0401400101},
	author = {Klingbeil, Michele M and Englund, Paul T}
}
@article {546,
	title = {Potential role of a novel psychrotolerant member of the family Geobacteraceae, Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus gen. nov., sp. nov., in electricity production by a marine sediment fuel cell.},
	journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004 Oct},
	pages = {6023-30},
	abstract = {Previous studies have shown that members of the family Geobacteraceae that attach to the anodes of sediment fuel cells are directly involved in harvesting electricity by oxidizing organic compounds to carbon dioxide and transferring the electrons to the anode. In order to learn more about this process, microorganisms from the anode surface of a marine sediment fuel cell were enriched and isolated with Fe(III) oxide. Two unique marine isolates were recovered, strains A1(T) and A2. They are gram-negative, nonmotile rods, with abundant c-type cytochromes. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA, recA, gyrB, fusA, rpoB, and nifD genes indicated that strains A1(T) and A2 represent a unique phylogenetic cluster within the Geobacteraceae. Both strains were able to grow with an electrode serving as the sole electron acceptor and transferred ca. 90\% of the electrons available in their organic electron donors to the electrodes. These organisms are the first psychrotolerant members of the Geobacteraceae reported thus far and can grow at temperatures between 4 and 30 degrees C, with an optimum temperature of 22 degrees C. Strains A1(T) and A2 can utilize a wide range of traditional electron acceptors, including all forms of soluble and insoluble Fe(III) tested, anthraquinone 2,6-disulfonate, and S(0). In addition to acetate, both strains can utilize a number of other organic acids, amino acids, long-chain fatty acids, and aromatic compounds to support growth with Fe(III) nitrilotriacetic acid as an electron acceptor. The metabolism of these organisms differs in that only strain A1(T) can use acetoin, ethanol, and hydrogen as electron donors, whereas only strain A2 can use lactate, propionate, and butyrate. The name Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed for strains A1(T) and A2, with strain A1(T) (ATCC BAA-880(T); DSM 16401(T); JCM 12469) as the type strain. Strains A1(T) and A2 (ATCC BAA-770; JCM 12470) represent the first organisms recovered from anodes that can effectively couple the oxidation of organic compounds to an electrode. Thus, they may serve as important model organisms for further elucidation of the mechanisms of microbe-electrode electron transfer in sediment fuel cells.},
	keywords = {Bioelectric Energy Sources, Cytochromes, Deltaproteobacteria, Electron Transport, Genes, Bacterial, Geologic Sediments, Microscopy, Electron, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, RNA, Bacterial, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Temperature},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.70.10.6023-6030.2004},
	author = {Holmes, Dawn E and Nicoll, Julie S and Bond, Daniel R and Lovley, Derek R}
}
@article {569,
	title = {Thermophily in the Geobacteraceae: Geothermobacter ehrlichii gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel thermophilic member of the Geobacteraceae from the "Bag City" hydrothermal vent.},
	journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003 May},
	pages = {2985-93},
	abstract = {Little is known about the microbiology of the "Bag City" hydrothermal vent, which is part of a new eruption site on the Juan de Fuca Ridge and which is notable for its accumulation of polysaccharide on the sediment surface. A pure culture, designated strain SS015, was recovered from a vent fluid sample from the Bag City site through serial dilution in liquid medium with malate as the electron donor and Fe(III) oxide as the electron acceptor and then isolation of single colonies on solid Fe(III) oxide medium. The cells were gram-negative rods, about 0.5 micro m by 1.2 to 1.5 micro m, and motile and contained c-type cytochromes. Analysis of the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence of strain SS015 placed it in the family Geobacteraceae in the delta subclass of the Proteobacteria. Unlike previously described members of the Geobacteraceae, which are mesophiles, strain SS015 was a thermophile and grew at temperatures of between 35 and 65 degrees C, with an optimum temperature of 55 degrees C. Like many previously described members of the Geobacteraceae, strain SS015 grew with organic acids as the electron donors and Fe(III) or nitrate as the electron acceptor, with nitrate being reduced to ammonia. Strain SS015 was unique among the Geobacteraceae in its ability to use sugars, starch, or amino acids as electron donors for Fe(III) reduction. Under stress conditions, strain SS015 produced copious quantities of extracellular polysaccharide, providing a model for the microbial production of the polysaccharide accumulation at the Bag City site. The 16S rDNA sequence of strain SS015 was less than 94\% similar to the sequences of previously described members of the Geobacteraceae; this fact, coupled with its unique physiological properties, suggests that strain SS015 represents a new genus in the family Geobacteraceae. The name Geothermobacter ehrlichii gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed (ATCC BAA-635 and DSM 15274). Although strains of Geobacteraceae are known to be the predominant Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms in a variety of Fe(III)-reducing environments at moderate temperatures, strain SS015 represents the first described thermophilic member of the Geobacteraceae and thus extends the known environmental range of this family to hydrothermal environments.},
	keywords = {Base Composition, Cytochromes, Deltaproteobacteria, DNA, Bacterial, DNA, Ribosomal, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Ecosystem, Electron Transport, Geologic Sediments, Hot Temperature, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Iron, Microscopy, Electron, Molecular Sequence Data, Oxidation-Reduction, Pacific Ocean, Phylogeny, Seawater, Sodium Chloride, Species Specificity},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	author = {Kashefi, Kazem and Holmes, Dawn E and Baross, John A and Lovley, Derek R}
}
@article {574,
	title = {Desulfitobacterium metallireducens sp. nov., an anaerobic bacterium that couples growth to the reduction of metals and humic acids as well as chlorinated compounds.},
	journal = {Int J Syst Evol Microbiol},
	volume = {52},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002 Nov},
	pages = {1929-35},
	abstract = {Strain 853-15A(T) was enriched and isolated from uranium-contaminated aquifer sediment by its ability to grow under anaerobic conditions via the oxidation of lactate coupled to the reduction of anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) to anthrahydroquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AHQDS). Lactate was oxidized incompletely to acetate and carbon dioxide according to the reaction CH3CHOHCOO(-)+ 2AQDS+H2O --> CH3COO(-)+ 2AHQDS+CO2. Additional electron donors utilized included formate, ethanol, butanol, butyrate, malate and pyruvate. Lactate also supported growth with Fe(III) citrate, Mn(IV) oxide, humic substances, elemental sulfur, 3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylacetate, trichloroethylene or tetrachloroethylene serving as the electron acceptor. Growth was not observed with sulfate, sulfite, nitrate or fumarate as the terminal electron acceptor. The temperature optimum for growth was 30 degrees C, but growth was also observed at 20 and 37 degrees C. The pH optimum was approximately 7.0. The 16S rDNA sequence of strain 853-15A(T) suggested that it was most closely related to Desulfitobacterium dehalogenans and closely related to Desulfitobacterium chlororespirans and Desulfitobacterium frappieri. The phylogenetic and physiological properties exhibited by strain 853-15A(T) (= ATCC BAA-636(T)) place it within the genus Desulfitobacterium as the type strain of a novel species, Desulfitobacterium metallireducens sp. nov.},
	keywords = {Anaerobiosis, DNA, Bacterial, DNA, Ribosomal, Ecosystem, Electron Transport, Geologic Sediments, Humic Substances, Metals, Microscopy, Electron, Molecular Sequence Data, Oxidation-Reduction, Peptococcaceae, Phenotype, Phylogeny, RNA, Bacterial, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Species Specificity},
	issn = {1466-5026},
	author = {Finneran, Kevin T and Forbush, Heather M and VanPraagh, Catherine V Gaw and Lovley, Derek R}
}
@article {364,
	title = {Pathology and ultrastructure of Hz-2V infection in the agonadal female corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea.},
	journal = {J Invertebr Pathol},
	volume = {81},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002 Sep},
	pages = {33-44},
	abstract = {The pathology and ultrastructure of the reproductive tract of Hz-2V-infected female corn earworm moths, Helicoverpa zea, were studied. The identity of malformed reproductive tissues found in virus-infected moths was determined by examining these tissues in moths that were infected with the virus at different life stages. Malformation of reproductive tissues in the progeny of virus-infected female moths was first observed by 3 days post-pupation (dpp), indicating that virus replication had altered the differentiation of these tissues very early on in their development. The ultrastructure of the grossly malformed agonadal reproductive tissues from insects aged 3-10dpp revealed the absence of the cuticular lining found in the oviducts of normal moths, and the proliferation of epithelial cells in these infected oviduct tissues. In addition, large quantities of virus were found aggregated into a large mass in the lumen of the malformed cervix bursa of 10dpp agonadal female pharate adult moths. Prior to eclosion, the virus in the cervix bursa was observed separated into spherical masses, which are thought to exude through the ductus bursa and collect over the vulva, forming a viral "waxy plug" that is likely to play an important role in virus transmission.},
	keywords = {Animals, Female, Insect Viruses, Microscopy, Electron, Moths, Virus Diseases},
	issn = {0022-2011},
	author = {Rallis, Christopher P and Burand, John P}
}
@article {710,
	title = {Extracellular simian virus 40 transmits a signal that promotes virus enclosure within caveolae.},
	journal = {Exp Cell Res},
	volume = {246},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999 Jan 10},
	pages = {83-90},
	abstract = {It was reported earlier that entry of simian virus 40 (SV40) into cells is promoted by a signal transmitted by the virus from the cell surface and that SV40 enters cells through caveolae. It is shown here that bound SV40 begins to partition into a caveolae-enriched Triton X-100-insoluble membrane fraction at 30 min postadsorption. Maximal levels of SV40 were seen in that fraction at 1 h. The sterol-binding agent nystatin, which selectively disrupts the cholesterol-enriched caveolae-containing membrane microdomain, selectively blocked the SV40-induced signal. This implies that the SV40 signal is transmitted from that membrane microdomain. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, which was earlier shown to block the SV40-induced signal and infectious entry, did not block the partitioning of SV40 into the detergent-insoluble membrane fraction. This shows that the signal is not required for the translocation of SV40 to the detergent-insoluble membrane and is consistent with the finding that the signal is likely transmitted from that membrane microdomain. However, electron microscopy of the Triton X-100-insoluble membrane fraction showed that genistein caused SV40 particles to accumulate at the annuli or mouths of the caveolae. In contrast, most SV40 particles were found enclosed within caveolae in parallel samples from untreated control cells. Together, these results imply that SV40 initially binds to flat detergent-soluble membrane. The virus then translocates to a caveolae-containing detergent-insoluble membrane microdomain. From the flat portion of that membrane microdomain the virus induces a signal which promotes its entry into caveolae.},
	keywords = {Animals, Blotting, Northern, Blotting, Western, Caveolin 1, Caveolins, Cell Line, Cell Membrane, Cercopithecus aethiops, Cholesterol, Endocytosis, Genes, myc, Genistein, Kidney, Membrane Proteins, Microscopy, Electron, Nystatin, Octoxynol, Signal Transduction, Simian virus 40, Solubility},
	issn = {0014-4827},
	doi = {10.1006/excr.1998.4301},
	author = {Chen, Y and Norkin, L C}
}
@article {642,
	title = {Geobacter sulfurreducens sp. nov., a hydrogen- and acetate-oxidizing dissimilatory metal-reducing microorganism.},
	journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {60},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994 Oct},
	pages = {3752-9},
	abstract = {A dissimilatory metal- and sulfur-reducing microorganism was isolated from surface sediments of a hydrocarbon-contaminated ditch in Norman, Okla. The isolate, which was designated strain PCA, was an obligately anaerobic, nonfermentative nonmotile, gram-negative rod. PCA grew in a defined medium with acetate as an electron donor and ferric PPi, ferric oxyhydroxide, ferric citrate, elemental sulfur, Co(III)-EDTA, fumarate, or malate as the sole electron acceptor. PCA also coupled the oxidation of hydrogen to the reduction of Fe(III) but did not reduce Fe(III) with sulfur, glucose, lactate, fumarate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, succinate, yeast extract, phenol, benzoate, ethanol, propanol, or butanol as an electron donor. PCA did not reduce oxygen, Mn(IV), U(VI), nitrate, sulfate, sulfite, or thiosulfate with acetate as the electron donor. Cell suspensions of PCA exhibited dithionite-reduced minus air-oxidized difference spectra which were characteristic of c-type cytochromes. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA sequence placed PCA in the delta subgroup of the proteobacteria. Its closest known relative is Geobacter metallireducens. The ability to utilize either hydrogen or acetate as the sole electron donor for Fe(III) reduction makes strain PCA a unique addition to the relatively small group of respiratory metal-reducing microorganisms available in pure culture. A new species name, Geobacter sulfurreducens, is proposed.},
	keywords = {Acetic Acid, Acetic Acids, Base Sequence, DNA Primers, DNA, Bacterial, DNA, Ribosomal, Electron Transport, Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria, Hydrogen, Metals, Microscopy, Electron, Molecular Sequence Data, Oxidation-Reduction, Phylogeny, RNA, Bacterial, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Soil Microbiology},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	author = {Caccavo, F and Lonergan, D J and Lovley, D R and Davis, M and Stolz, J F and McInerney, M J}
}
