@article {357,
	title = {Identification of a nucleopolyhedrovirus in winter moth populations from Massachusetts.},
	journal = {J Invertebr Pathol},
	volume = {108},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011 Nov},
	pages = {217-9},
	abstract = {Winter moth, Operophtera brumata, originally from Europe, has invaded eastern Massachusetts causing widespread defoliation and damage to many deciduous tree species and a variety of crop plants in the infested area. We identified O. brumata nucleopolyhedrovirus (OpbuNPV) in winter moth larvae collected from field sites in Massachusetts by using PCR to amplify a 482 bp region of the baculovirus polyhedrin gene. Viral sequences were also detected in winter moth pupae that failed to emerge, suggesting that these insects may have died as a result of viral infection. This represents the first report of OpbuNPV in winter moth populations in the US.},
	keywords = {Animals, Base Sequence, Environmental Monitoring, Larva, Massachusetts, Molecular Sequence Data, Moths, Nucleopolyhedrovirus, Viral Proteins, Virus Diseases},
	issn = {1096-0805},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2011.08.005},
	author = {Burand, John P and Kim, Woojin and Welch, Anna and Elkinton, Joseph S}
}
@article {362,
	title = {In vivo dose-response of insects to Hz-2V infection.},
	journal = {Virol J},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {15},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Hz-2V infection of female Helicoverpa zea moths is manifested as insects that are either sterile "agonadal" individuals with malformed reproductive tissues or fertile asymptomatic carriers which are capable of transmitting virus on to their progeny. Virus infected progeny arising from eggs laid by asymptomatic carrier females may themselves be either sterile agonadals or asymptomatic carriers.

RESULTS: By injecting virus into female moths, a correlation was established between virus doses administered to the females and the levels of resulting asymptomatic and sterile progeny.

CONCLUSIONS: The results of these experiments indicate that high virus doses produced a higher level of agonadal progeny and lower doses produced higher levels of asymptomatic carriers.},
	keywords = {Animals, Female, Insect Viruses, Male, Moths, Ovum, Virus Diseases},
	issn = {1743-422X},
	doi = {10.1186/1743-422X-1-15},
	author = {Burand, John P and Rallis, Christopher P}
}
@article {364,
	title = {Pathology and ultrastructure of Hz-2V infection in the agonadal female corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea.},
	journal = {J Invertebr Pathol},
	volume = {81},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002 Sep},
	pages = {33-44},
	abstract = {The pathology and ultrastructure of the reproductive tract of Hz-2V-infected female corn earworm moths, Helicoverpa zea, were studied. The identity of malformed reproductive tissues found in virus-infected moths was determined by examining these tissues in moths that were infected with the virus at different life stages. Malformation of reproductive tissues in the progeny of virus-infected female moths was first observed by 3 days post-pupation (dpp), indicating that virus replication had altered the differentiation of these tissues very early on in their development. The ultrastructure of the grossly malformed agonadal reproductive tissues from insects aged 3-10dpp revealed the absence of the cuticular lining found in the oviducts of normal moths, and the proliferation of epithelial cells in these infected oviduct tissues. In addition, large quantities of virus were found aggregated into a large mass in the lumen of the malformed cervix bursa of 10dpp agonadal female pharate adult moths. Prior to eclosion, the virus in the cervix bursa was observed separated into spherical masses, which are thought to exude through the ductus bursa and collect over the vulva, forming a viral "waxy plug" that is likely to play an important role in virus transmission.},
	keywords = {Animals, Female, Insect Viruses, Microscopy, Electron, Moths, Virus Diseases},
	issn = {0022-2011},
	author = {Rallis, Christopher P and Burand, John P}
}
@article {365,
	title = {Pathology and ultrastructure of the insect virus, Hz-2V, infecting agonadal male corn earworms, Helicoverpa zea.},
	journal = {J Invertebr Pathol},
	volume = {80},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002 Jun},
	pages = {81-9},
	abstract = {The pathology of the reproductive tract of Hz-2V-infected agonadal male corn earworm moths, Helicoverpa zea, was studied. The examination of the reproductive tissues of adult agonadal males infected with Hz-2V during different lifestages allowed us to positively correlate the grossly malformed tissues of typical agonadal male moths to the corresponding normal tissues in uninfected males. The reproductive tissues responsible for producing sperm, a pheromonostatic peptide (PSP), and the spermatophore in normal male moths were absent or grossly malformed in the agonadal male moths. Hz-2V was observed replicating in one area of these malformed reproductive tissues in pharate adult males as early as 7 days post-pupation. Interestingly, reproductive tissues essential for initiation of copulation and transfer of reproductive fluids into a female moth during mating appear to be intact and may be functional. These data suggest that agonadal adult males are able to mate with healthy female moths and transfer Hz-2V particles, without fertilizing female moths or altering their sexual receptivity to further mating with other male moths.},
	keywords = {Animals, Female, Insect Viruses, Male, Moths, Testis, Virus Diseases},
	issn = {0022-2011},
	author = {Rallis, Christopher P and Burand, John P}
}
@article {713,
	title = {Caveolae in the uptake and targeting of infectious agents and secreted toxins.},
	journal = {Adv Drug Deliv Rev},
	volume = {49},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001 Jul 28},
	pages = {301-15},
	abstract = {A variety of microbial pathogens, including viruses, intracellular bacteria, and prions, as well as certain secreted bacterial toxins, can now be added to the list of ligands that enter cells via caveolae or caveolae-like membrane domains. In general, the caveolae-mediated entry pathway results in transport of these microbes and toxins to intracellular destinations that are different from that of cargo entering by other means. As a result, the caveolae-mediated entry pathway can profoundly affect the host cell-pathogen interaction long after entry has occurred. Furthermore, some microbes such as SV40 that enter via cavolae will be valuable as probes to analyze certain poorly understood intracellular trafficking pathways, such as retrograde transport to the ER. Also, viruses that enter via caveolae may have unique potential as gene and drug delivery vectors. In addition, some extracellular microbial pathogens, such as Pneumocystis carinii, may also interact with host cells via caveolae. Finally, caveolae may play a role in host immune defense mechanisms.},
	keywords = {Animals, Bacterial Infections, Caveolae, Humans, Toxins, Biological, Virus Diseases},
	issn = {0169-409X},
	author = {Norkin, L C}
}
