@article {756,
	title = {Genetic diversity of ixodid ticks parasitizing eastern mouse and dwarf lemurs in Madagascar, with descriptions of the larva, nymph and male of Ixodes lemuris (Acari: Ixodidae).},
	journal = {J Parasitol},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012 Aug 27},
	abstract = {Abstract The ixodid ticks parasitizing small-bodied nocturnal mouse and dwarf lemurs (Primates, Cheirogaleidae) in Madagascar are poorly documented. At Tsinjoarivo, a high-altitude eastern rainforest, mouse and dwarf lemurs were parasitized by ticks of the genus Ixodes. At Ranomafana, a montane southeastern rainforest, dwarf lemurs hosted ticks of the genus Ixodes, whereas mouse lemurs were parasitized by ticks of the genus Haemaphysalis. Our Ixodes specimens represent all active stages and females are morphologically consistent with previous descriptions of Ixodes lemuris females, the only described stage in the literature. Morphological comparisons and genetic analysis using fragments of COI gene confirm all Ixodes ticks from Tsinjoarivo and Ranomafana forests belong to the same species, i.e., Ixodes lemuris. Thus, we are able to provide descriptions of the previously unknown larva, nymph and male. Mouse lemurs at both locations were parasitized only by immature stages of Ixodes lemuris (at Tsinjoarivo) or Haemaphysalis lemuris (at Ranomafana) whereas dwarf lemurs were parasitized by all stages of Ixodes lemuris. We suggest that ecological and biogeographical conditions may affect the pattern of tick infestation at Tsinjoarivo and Ranomafana. Additional studies are necessary to understand the tick-host associations of small-bodied nocturnal lemurs.},
	issn = {1937-2345},
	doi = {10.1645/GE-3183.1},
	author = {Blanco, Marina Beatriz and Elfawal, Mostafa A and Durden, Lance A and Beati, Lorenza and Xu, Guang and Godfrey, Laurie R and Rich, Stephen M}
}
@article {760,
	title = {Resolving the phylogeny of malaria parasites.},
	journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	volume = {108},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011 Aug 9},
	pages = {12973-4},
	keywords = {Animals, Evolution, Molecular, Malaria, Parasites},
	issn = {1091-6490},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1110141108},
	author = {Rich, Stephen M and Xu, Guang}
}
@article {768,
	title = {Correlation between tick density and pathogen endemicity, New Hampshire.},
	journal = {Emerg Infect Dis},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009 Apr},
	pages = {585-7},
	abstract = {To assess the endemicity of tick-borne pathogens in New Hampshire, we surveyed adult tick vectors. Pathogens were more prevalent in areas of high tick density, suggesting a correlation between tick establishment and pathogen endemicity. Infection rates in ticks correlated with disease frequency in humans.},
	keywords = {Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Animals, Arachnid Vectors, Babesia microti, Babesiosis, Biosurveillance, Borrelia burgdorferi, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, Ehrlichiosis, Humans, Ixodes, Lyme Disease, New Hampshire},
	issn = {1080-6059},
	doi = {10.3201/eid1504.080940},
	author = {Walk, Seth T and Xu, Guang and Stull, Jason W and Rich, Stephen M}
}
@article {767,
	title = {The origin of malignant malaria.},
	journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	volume = {106},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009 Sep 1},
	pages = {14902-7},
	abstract = {Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malignant malaria, is among the most severe human infectious diseases. The closest known relative of P. falciparum is a chimpanzee parasite, Plasmodium reichenowi, of which one single isolate was previously known. The co-speciation hypothesis suggests that both parasites evolved separately from a common ancestor over the last 5-7 million years, in parallel with the divergence of their hosts, the hominin and chimpanzee lineages. Genetic analysis of eight new isolates of P. reichenowi, from wild and wild-born captive chimpanzees in Cameroon and C{\^o}te d{\textquoteright}Ivoire, shows that P. reichenowi is a geographically widespread and genetically diverse chimpanzee parasite. The genetic lineage comprising the totality of global P. falciparum is fully included within the much broader genetic diversity of P. reichenowi. This finding is inconsistent with the co-speciation hypothesis. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that all extant P. falciparum populations originated from P. reichenowi, likely by a single host transfer, which may have occurred as early as 2-3 million years ago, or as recently as 10,000 years ago. The evolutionary history of this relationship may be explained by two critical genetic mutations. First, inactivation of the CMAH gene in the human lineage rendered human ancestors unable to generate the sialic acid Neu5Gc from its precursor Neu5Ac, and likely made humans resistant to P. reichenowi. More recently, mutations in the dominant invasion receptor EBA 175 in the P. falciparum lineage provided the parasite with preference for the overabundant Neu5Ac precursor, accounting for its extreme human pathogenicity.},
	keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Glycoproteins, Humans, Malaria, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutation, N-Acetylneuraminic Acid, Pan troglodytes, Phylogeny, Plasmodium, Plasmodium falciparum, Protozoan Infections, Animal, Protozoan Proteins, Sequence Alignment},
	issn = {1091-6490},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0907740106},
	author = {Rich, Stephen M and Leendertz, Fabian H and Xu, Guang and LeBreton, Matthew and Djoko, Cyrille F and Aminake, Makoah N and Takang, Eric E and Diffo, Joseph L D and Pike, Brian L and Rosenthal, Benjamin M and Formenty, Pierre and Boesch, Christophe and Ayala, Francisco J and Wolfe, Nathan D}
}
@article {771,
	title = {An expectation maximization approach to estimate malaria haplotype frequencies in multiply infected children.},
	journal = {Stat Appl Genet Mol Biol},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007},
	pages = {Article33},
	abstract = {Characterizing genetic variability in the human pathogenic Plasmodium species, the group of parasites that cause Malaria, may have broad global health implications. Specifically, discerning the combinations of mutations that lead to viable parasites and the population level frequencies of these clonal sequences will allow for targeted vaccine development and individualized treatment choices. This presents an analytical challenge, however, since haplotypic phase (i.e. the alignment of bases on a single DNA strand) is generally unobservable in multiply infected individuals. This manuscript describes an expectation maximization (EM) approach to maximum likelihood estimation of haplotype frequencies in this missing data setting. The approach is applied to a cohort of N=341 malaria infected children in Uganda, Cameroon and Sudan to characterize regional differences. A simulation study is also presented to characterize method performance and assess sensitivity to distributional assumptions.},
	keywords = {Animals, Child, Gene Frequency, Genotype, Humans, Likelihood Functions, Malaria, Malaria Vaccines, Mutation, Plasmodium},
	issn = {1544-6115},
	doi = {10.2202/1544-6115.1321},
	author = {Li, Xiaohong and Foulkes, Andrea S and Yucel, Recai M and Rich, Stephen M}
}
@article {774,
	title = {Quorum sensing in Staphylococci is regulated via phosphorylation of three conserved histidine residues.},
	journal = {J Biol Chem},
	volume = {279},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004 Apr 9},
	pages = {14665-72},
	abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus cause infections by producing toxins, a process regulated by cell-cell communication (quorum sensing) through the histidine-phosphorylation of the target of RNAIII-activating protein (TRAP). We show here that TRAP is highly conserved in staphylococci and contains three completely conserved histidine residues (His-66, His-79, His-154) that are phosphorylated and essential for its activity. This was tested by constructing a TRAP(-) strain with each of the conserved histidine residues changed to alanine by site-directed mutagenesis. All mutants were tested for pathogenesis in vitro (expression of RNAIII and hemolytic activity) and in vivo (murine cellulitis model). Results show that RNAIII is not expressed in the TRAP(-) strain, that it is non hemolytic, and that it does not cause disease in vivo. These pathogenic phenotypes could be rescued in the strain containing the recovered traP, confirming the importance of TRAP in S. aureus pathogenesis. The phosphorylation of TRAP mutated in any of the conserved histidine residues was significantly reduced, and mutants defective in any one of these residues were non-pathogenic in vitro or in vivo, whereas those mutated in a non-conserved histidine residue (His-124) were as pathogenic as the wild type. These results confirm the importance of the three conserved histidine residues in TRAP activity. The phosphorylation pattern, structure, and gene organization of TRAP deviates from signaling molecules known to date, suggesting that TRAP belongs to a novel class of signal transducers.},
	keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Blotting, Northern, Cell Communication, DNA, Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel, Escherichia coli, Histidine, Mice, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutagenesis, Mutagenesis, Site-Directed, Mutation, Phenotype, Phosphorylation, Phylogeny, Plasmids, Protein Structure, Tertiary, RNA, Antisense, RNA, Bacterial, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Signal Transduction, Staphylococcus aureus, Time Factors},
	issn = {0021-9258},
	doi = {10.1074/jbc.M311106200},
	author = {Gov, Yael and Borovok, Ilya and Korem, Moshe and Singh, Vineet K and Jayaswal, Radheshyam K and Wilkinson, Brian J and Rich, Stephen M and Balaban, Naomi}
}
@article {773,
	title = {The unpredictable past of Plasmodium vivax revealed in its genome.},
	journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	volume = {101},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004 Nov 2},
	pages = {15547-8},
	keywords = {Animals, Biological Evolution, Culicidae, Genetics, Population, Genome, Protozoan, Genomics, Haplorhini, Humans, Malaria, Vivax, Plasmodium vivax},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0405618101},
	author = {Rich, Stephen M}
}
@article {776,
	title = {Cryptosporidium parvum in children with diarrhea in Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda.},
	journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003 Jun},
	pages = {710-5},
	abstract = {A cross-sectional case-control study (ratio = 3:1) was conducted over a 15-month period to determine the prevalence and consequences of cryptosporidiosis in hospitalized diarrheic children (0-5 years old) at Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda. Cryptosporidium parvum was detected and genotyped among 2,446 children of whom 1,779 (72.7\%) had diarrhea, and 667 (27.3\%) were age- and sex-matched controls. Of the 1,779 children with diarrhea, 532 (29.9\%) had persistent (> 14 days) diarrhea and 1,247 (70.1\%) had acute diarrhea. Overall, 444 (25.0\%) of the 1,779 children with diarrhea had C. parvum, compared with only 57 (8.5\%) of the 667 children without diarrhea (chi2 = 80.2, P < or = 0.0001). Within this group of infected children, 72.8\% were infected with genotype 1, 18.4\% with genotype 2, and 4.1\% with a mixture of both genotypes, and 4.1\% isolates were either unclassified or C. meleagridis. The prevalence was highest during the rainy months of April to June. Of the 532 children with persistent diarrhea, 166 (31.2\%) had C. parvum compared with 278 (22.3\%) of the 1,247 children with acute diarrhea (chi2 = 15.8, P < or = 0.0001). There was a significant association between C. parvum and malnutrition including stunting, being underweight, and wasting. Unfavorable outcome (death or failure to resolve within 14 days) occurred in 139 (72.8\%) of the 191 children with C. parvum, and in only 65.1\% of the 545 without (odds ratio = 1.117, 95\% confidence interval = 1.005-1.243, P = 0.05), Of the 191 children with C. parvum, 24 (12.6\%) died, compared with 34 (6.2\%) of the 545 without C. parvum (P = 0.005). Mortality rates were higher among children with severe dehydration and persistent diarrhea, and in stunted or underweight children infected with C. parvum. Among Ugandan children, cryptosporidiosis, which remains untreatable, is frequently associated with diarrhea and other serious and unfavorable consequences.},
	keywords = {Animals, Case-Control Studies, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Cryptosporidiosis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Diarrhea, Diarrhea, Infantile, DNA, Protozoan, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Nutrition Disorders, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, Prevalence, Uganda},
	issn = {0002-9637},
	author = {Tumwine, James K and Kekitiinwa, Addy and Nabukeera, Nicolette and Akiyoshi, Donna E and Rich, Stephen M and Widmer, Giovanni and Feng, Xiaochuan and Tzipori, Saul}
}
@article {775,
	title = {Progress in malaria research: the case for phylogenetics.},
	journal = {Adv Parasitol},
	volume = {54},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {255-80},
	abstract = {Malaria, from the Italian for "bad air", is a term used to describe a human disease caused by any of four parasites of the genus, Plasmodium. There are in fact over 200 described species of Plasmodium that parasitize reptiles, birds, and mammals, and may or may not cause disease in these various hosts. In this chapter, we highlight important evolutionary studies that have been undertaken to determine the relatedness among these species and their place in the taxonomic hierarchy. We begin by providing an overview of our present understanding of the phylum to which malaria parasites belong--Apicomplexa. The unique characteristics of these parasites reflect both their adaptation to the parasitic life style as well as some vestigial remnants of their pre-parasitic evolutionary past. Phylogenetic analyses provide the means for discerning the means by which these characteristics have come into existence. We next discuss the systematics of the genus Plasmodium. Morphology, genomic structure and content as well as host affiliation of these parasites are all traits that have been used for establishing taxonomic arrangements. Molecular phylogenetics has proven to be an invaluable tool in this regard and so we discuss the current phylogenetic picture of the genus as well as the correspondence among the various datasets (morphology, molecules, and host-preference). Lastly, we present a detailed account of our current understanding of the evolutionary past of the most deadly of the human malaria species--P. falciparum.},
	keywords = {Animals, Biomedical Research, Evolution, Molecular, Genome, Malaria, Phylogeny, Plasmodium},
	issn = {0065-308X},
	author = {Rich, Stephen M and Ayala, Francisco J}
}
@article {777,
	title = {Sequence diversity and evolution of the malaria vaccine candidate merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) of Plasmodium falciparum.},
	journal = {Gene},
	volume = {304},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003 Jan 30},
	pages = {65-75},
	abstract = {The merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is a major blood-stage antigen containing highly polymorphic tripeptide repeats in the domain known as block 2 and several non-repetitive domains that are essentially dimorphic. We have analyzed sequence variation in block 2 repeats and in non-repetitive block 17, as well as other polymorphisms within the MSP-1 gene, in clinical isolates of P. falciparum. Repeat haplotypes were defined as unique combinations of repeat motifs within block 2, whereas block 17 haplotypes were defined as unique combinations of single nucleotide replacements in this domain. A new block 17 haplotype, E-TNG-L, was found in one isolate from Vietnam. MSP-1 alleles, defined as unique combinations of haplotypes in blocks 2 and 17 and other polymorphisms within the molecule, were characterized in 60 isolates from hypoendemic Brazil and 37 isolates from mesoendemic Vietnam. Extensive diversity has been created in block 2 and elsewhere in the molecule, while maintaining significant linkage disequilibrium between polymorphisms across the non-telomeric MSP-1 locus separated by a map distance of more than 4 kb, suggesting that low meiotic recombination rates occur in both parasite populations. These results indicate a role for non-homologous recombination, such as strand-slippage mispairing during mitosis and gene conversion, in creating variation in a malarial antigen under strong diversifying selection.},
	keywords = {Alleles, Animals, Brazil, DNA, Protozoan, Evolution, Molecular, Genetic Variation, Haplotypes, Linkage Disequilibrium, Malaria Vaccines, Merozoite Surface Protein 1, Molecular Sequence Data, Plasmodium falciparum, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Recombination, Genetic, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Tanzania, Thailand, Vietnam},
	issn = {0378-1119},
	author = {Ferreira, Marcelo U and Ribeiro, Weber L and Tonon, Angela P and Kawamoto, Fumihiko and Rich, Stephen M}
}
@article {780,
	title = {Ancient lineages of non-LTR retrotransposons in the primitive eukaryote, Giardia lamblia.},
	journal = {Mol Biol Evol},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002 May},
	pages = {619-30},
	abstract = {Mobile elements that use reverse transcriptase to make new copies of themselves are found in all major lineages of eukaryotes. The non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons have been suggested to be the oldest of these eukaryotic elements. Phylogenetic analysis of non-LTR elements suggests that they have predominantly undergone vertical transmission, as opposed to the frequent horizontal transmissions found for other mobile elements. One prediction of this vertical model of inheritance is that the oldest lineages of eukaryotes should exclusively harbor the oldest lineages of non-LTR retrotransposons. Here we characterize the non-LTR retrotransposons present in one of the most primitive eukaryotes, the diplomonad Giardia lamblia. Two families of elements were detected in the WB isolate of G. lamblia currently being used for the genome sequencing project. These elements are clearly distinct from all other previously described non-LTR lineages. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that these Genie elements (for Giardia early non-LTR insertion element) are among the oldest known lineages of non-LTR elements consistent with strict vertical descent. Genie elements encode a single open reading frame with a carboxyl terminal endonuclease domain. Genie 1 is site specific, as seven to eight copies are present in a single tandem array of a 771-bp repeat near the telomere of one chromosome. The function of this repeat is not known. One additional, highly divergent, element within the Genie 1 lineage is not located in this tandem array but is near a second telomere. Four different telomere addition sites could be identified within or near the Genie elements on each of these chromosomes. The second lineage of non-LTR elements, Genie 2, is composed of about 10 degenerate copies. Genie 2 elements do not appear to be site specific in their insertion. An unusual aspect of Genie 2 is that all copies contain inverted repeats up to 172 bp in length.},
	keywords = {Animals, Base Sequence, DNA, Protozoan, Evolution, Molecular, Giardia lamblia, Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements, Molecular Sequence Data, Open Reading Frames, Phylogeny, Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid, Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid, Telomere},
	issn = {0737-4038},
	author = {Burke, William D and Malik, Harmit S and Rich, Stephen M and Eickbush, Thomas H}
}
@article {782,
	title = {Experimental evidence for genetic recombination in the opportunistic pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum.},
	journal = {Mol Biochem Parasitol},
	volume = {119},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002 Jan},
	pages = {55-62},
	abstract = {Cryptosporidium parvum is an intracellular protozoan parasite causing intestinal malabsorption and diarrhea in humans. The infection is usually self-limiting, although persistent cryptosporidosis is observed in immunocompromised and malnourished individuals. As with other Apicomplexa, the life cycle of Cryptosporidium is thought to comprise a sexual phase, during which a motile microgamont fuses with a sessile macrogamont. The four sporozoites found within each oocyst (the infectious form excreted in the feces) are thought to be the product of a meiotic division taking place immediately following fertilization, but the existence of a meiotic cycle in this genus has not been tested experimentally. To substantiate the occurrence of meiotic recombination in this species, we performed a genetic cross between two distinct isolates of C. parvum co-infected in INF-gamma knockout mice. We found that mixed infections produced recombinant progeny characterized by multilocus genotypes comprising alleles inherited from each parental line. This observation represents the first demonstration of sexual recombination in this pathogen. Together with the occurrence of genetically heterogeneous infections, this finding suggests that outcrossing between genotypes may occur in nature. Experimental crosses among Cryptosporidium populations will facilitate mapping of clinically relevant genes, the delineation of Cryptosporidium species, and defining the taxonomical status of C. parvum subtypes and host-specific genotypes.},
	keywords = {Animals, Conserved Sequence, Crosses, Genetic, Cryptosporidiosis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Deer, Female, Genotype, Humans, Male, Mice, Mice, Knockout, Microsatellite Repeats, Opportunistic Infections, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Recombination, Genetic, Survival Rate},
	issn = {0166-6851},
	author = {Feng, Xiaochuan and Rich, Stephen M and Tzipori, Saul and Widmer, Giovanni}
}
@article {781,
	title = {Human Stx2-specific monoclonal antibodies prevent systemic complications of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection.},
	journal = {Infect Immun},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002 Feb},
	pages = {612-9},
	abstract = {Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is a serious complication predominantly associated with infection by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), such as E. coli O157:H7. EHEC can produce Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1) and/or Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2), both of which are exotoxins comprised of active (A) and binding (B) subunits. In piglets and mice, Stx can induce fatal neurological symptoms. Polyclonal Stx2 antiserum can prevent these effects in piglets infected with the Stx2-producing E. coli O157:H7 strain 86-24. Human monoclonal antibodies (HuMAbs) against Stx2 were developed as potential passive immunotherapeutic reagents for the prevention and/or treatment of HUS. Transgenic mice bearing unrearranged human immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy and kappa light chain loci (HuMAb___Mouse) were immunized with formalin-inactivated Stx2. Thirty-seven stable hybridomas secreting Stx2-specific HuMAbs were isolated: 33 IgG1kappa A-subunit-specific and 3 IgG1kappa and 1 IgG3kappa B-subunit-specific antibodies. Six IgG1kappa A-subunit-specific (1G3, 2F10, 3E9, 4H9, 5A4, and 5C12) and two IgG1kappa B-subunit-specific (5H8 and 6G3) HuMAbs demonstrated neutralization of > 95\% activity of 1 ng of Stx2 in the presence of 0.04 microg of HuMAb in vitro and significant prolongation of survival of mice given 50 microg of HuMAb intraperitoneally (i.p.) and 25 ng of Stx2 intravenously. When administered i.p. to gnotobiotic piglets 6 or 12 h after infection with E. coli O157:H7 strain 86-24, HuMAbs 2F10, 3E9, 5H8, and 5C12 prolonged survival and prevented development of fatal neurological signs and cerebral lesions. The Stx2-neutralizing ability of these HuMAbs could potentially be used clinically to passively protect against HUS development in individuals infected with Stx-producing bacteria, including E. coli O157:H7.},
	keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Bacterial, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Antibody Specificity, Disease Models, Animal, Escherichia coli O157, Female, Germ-Free Life, HeLa Cells, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Humans, Immunization, Passive, Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin Isotypes, Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains, Mice, Neutralization Tests, Shiga Toxin 2, Swine},
	issn = {0019-9567},
	author = {Mukherjee, Jean and Chios, Kerry and Fishwild, Dianne and Hudson, Deborah and O{\textquoteright}Donnell, Susan and Rich, Stephen M and Donohue-Rolfe, Arthur and Tzipori, Saul}
}
@article {779,
	title = {Infectivity of a Cryptosporidium parvum isolate of cervine origin for healthy adults and interferon-gamma knockout mice.},
	journal = {J Infect Dis},
	volume = {185},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002 May 1},
	pages = {1320-5},
	abstract = {The infectivity of a Cryptosporidium parvum isolate of cervine origin (type 2, Moredun) propagated in calves was investigated simultaneously in healthy adult human volunteers and in interferon-gamma knockout (GKO) mice. After exposure to 100-3000 oocysts, 16 volunteers recorded, for a duration of 6 weeks, the number and form of stools that they passed and any symptoms that they experienced. Oocyst excretion was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and direct immunofluorescence assay. Eleven subjects (69\%) became ill, and 8 subjects (50\%) shed oocysts in stool. The median duration of illness was 169 h, and the median number of unformed stools passed was 24. The duration and intensity of symptoms were more severe than were those associated with previously studied isolates. The median infectious dose was estimated to be 300 oocysts for humans and 1 oocyst for the GKO mouse model. The Moredun isolate was more pathogenic than the reference GCH-1 isolate. The GKO mouse model of cryptosporidiosis is useful for discerning isolate-specific differences in pathogenicity.},
	keywords = {Adult, Animals, Body Weight, Cryptosporidiosis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Deer, Diarrhea, Disease Susceptibility, Female, Humans, Interferon-gamma, Mice, Mice, Knockout},
	issn = {0022-1899},
	doi = {10.1086/340132},
	author = {Okhuysen, Pablo C and Rich, Stephen M and Chappell, Cynthia L and Grimes, Kevin A and Widmer, Giovanni and Feng, Xiaochuan and Tzipori, Saul}
}
@article {778,
	title = {Production and characterization of protective human antibodies against Shiga toxin 1.},
	journal = {Infect Immun},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002 Oct},
	pages = {5896-9},
	abstract = {Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is a serious complication which is predominantly associated in children with infection by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). By using HuMAb-Mouse (Medarex) animals, human monoclonal antibodies (Hu-MAbs) were developed against Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1) for passive immunotherapy of HUS. Ten stable hybridomas comprised of fully human heavy- and light-chain immunoglobulin elements and secreting Stx1-specific Hu-MAbs (seven immunoglobulin M(kappa)() [IgM(kappa)] elements [one specific for the A subunit and six specific for the B subunit] and three IgG1(kappa) elements specific for subunit B) were isolated. Two IgM(kappa) Hu-MAbs (2D9 and 15G9) and three IgG1(kappa) Hu-MAbs (5A4, 10F4, and 15G2), all specific for subunit B, demonstrated marked neutralization of Stx1 in vitro and significant prolongation of survival in a murine model of Stx1 toxicosis.},
	keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Bacterial, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Child, Escherichia coli, Female, HeLa Cells, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Humans, Hybridomas, Immunization, Passive, Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin M, Mice, Neutralization Tests, Shiga Toxin 1},
	issn = {0019-9567},
	author = {Mukherjee, Jean and Chios, Kerry and Fishwild, Dianne and Hudson, Deborah and O{\textquoteright}Donnell, Susan and Rich, Stephen M and Donohue-Rolfe, Arthur and Tzipori, Saul}
}
