@article {361,
	title = {Infection with the insect virus Hz-2v alters mating behavior and pheromone production in female Helicoverpa zea moths.},
	journal = {J Insect Sci},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {6},
	abstract = {The effect of Hz-2V virus infection on the reproductive physiology and behavior of infected Helicoverpa zea female moths was examined. In the absence of males, infected females exhibited calling behavior and called as often but for shorter periods on average than control females. As expected, control females mated with males for extend periods when they were present and did not call after mating, while virus-infected females made many frequent contacts with males and continued to call even after these contacts. Virus-infected females were found to produce five to seven times more pheromone than control females and attracted twice as many males as did control females in flight tunnel experiments. The ability of Hz-2V to alter the physiology and behavior of infected females observed here may serve to facilitate the transmission of virus in insect populations.},
	keywords = {Animals, Female, Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical, Insect Viruses, Male, Moths, Pheromones, Sexual Behavior, Animal, Time Factors, Vocalization, Animal},
	issn = {1536-2442},
	author = {Burand, John P and Tan, Weijia and Kim, Woojin and Nojima, Satoshi and Roelofs, Wendell}
}
@article {363,
	title = {Horizontal transmission of Hz-2V by virus infected Helicoverpa zea moths.},
	journal = {J Invertebr Pathol},
	volume = {85},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004 Feb},
	pages = {128-31},
	abstract = {Helicoverpa zea female moths productively infected with Hz-2V have malformed reproductive tissues and are sterile. Virus replication in infected females occurs primarily in the reproductive tissues and culminates with the accumulation of virus-filled vesicles, which form plugs of virus covering the reproductive openings of these insects. The location of this large concentration of virus particles at the terminal abdominal segment of infected females suggests that it may serve as a source of virus that can be transmitted horizontally between moths during mating. In mating experiments it was found that healthy males are attracted to and attempt to mate with infected females, and that these males are able transmit Hz-2V to healthy females during subsequent matings, giving rise to virus infected progeny.},
	keywords = {Abdomen, Animals, Entomology, Female, Genitalia, Insect Vectors, Insect Viruses, Male, Moths, Sexual Behavior, Animal, Tissue Distribution},
	issn = {0022-2011},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2004.01.004},
	author = {Burand, John P and Rallis, Christopher P and Tan, Weijia}
}
@article {362,
	title = {In vivo dose-response of insects to Hz-2V infection.},
	journal = {Virol J},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {15},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Hz-2V infection of female Helicoverpa zea moths is manifested as insects that are either sterile "agonadal" individuals with malformed reproductive tissues or fertile asymptomatic carriers which are capable of transmitting virus on to their progeny. Virus infected progeny arising from eggs laid by asymptomatic carrier females may themselves be either sterile agonadals or asymptomatic carriers.

RESULTS: By injecting virus into female moths, a correlation was established between virus doses administered to the females and the levels of resulting asymptomatic and sterile progeny.

CONCLUSIONS: The results of these experiments indicate that high virus doses produced a higher level of agonadal progeny and lower doses produced higher levels of asymptomatic carriers.},
	keywords = {Animals, Female, Insect Viruses, Male, Moths, Ovum, Virus Diseases},
	issn = {1743-422X},
	doi = {10.1186/1743-422X-1-15},
	author = {Burand, John P and Rallis, Christopher P}
}
@article {365,
	title = {Pathology and ultrastructure of the insect virus, Hz-2V, infecting agonadal male corn earworms, Helicoverpa zea.},
	journal = {J Invertebr Pathol},
	volume = {80},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002 Jun},
	pages = {81-9},
	abstract = {The pathology of the reproductive tract of Hz-2V-infected agonadal male corn earworm moths, Helicoverpa zea, was studied. The examination of the reproductive tissues of adult agonadal males infected with Hz-2V during different lifestages allowed us to positively correlate the grossly malformed tissues of typical agonadal male moths to the corresponding normal tissues in uninfected males. The reproductive tissues responsible for producing sperm, a pheromonostatic peptide (PSP), and the spermatophore in normal male moths were absent or grossly malformed in the agonadal male moths. Hz-2V was observed replicating in one area of these malformed reproductive tissues in pharate adult males as early as 7 days post-pupation. Interestingly, reproductive tissues essential for initiation of copulation and transfer of reproductive fluids into a female moth during mating appear to be intact and may be functional. These data suggest that agonadal adult males are able to mate with healthy female moths and transfer Hz-2V particles, without fertilizing female moths or altering their sexual receptivity to further mating with other male moths.},
	keywords = {Animals, Female, Insect Viruses, Male, Moths, Testis, Virus Diseases},
	issn = {0022-2011},
	author = {Rallis, Christopher P and Burand, John P}
}
