@article {356,
	title = {Analysis of the genome of the sexually transmitted insect virus Helicoverpa zea nudivirus 2.},
	journal = {Viruses},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012 Jan},
	pages = {28-61},
	abstract = {The sexually transmitted insect virus Helicoverpa zea nudivirus 2 (HzNV-2) was determined to have a circular double-stranded DNA genome of 231,621 bp coding for an estimated 113 open reading frames (ORFs). HzNV-2 is most closely related to the nudiviruses, a sister group of the insect baculoviruses. Several putative ORFs that share homology with the baculovirus core genes were identified in the viral genome. However, HzNV-2 lacks several key genetic features of baculoviruses including the late transcriptional regulation factor, LEF-1 and the palindromic hrs, which serve as origins of replication. The HzNV-2 genome was found to code for three ORFs that had significant sequence homology to cellular genes which are not generally found in viral genomes. These included a presumed juvenile hormone esterase gene, a gene coding for a putative zinc-dependent matrix metalloprotease, and a major facilitator superfamily protein gene; all of which are believed to play a role in the cellular proliferation and the tissue hypertrophy observed in the malformation of reproductive organs observed in HzNV-2 infected corn earworm moths, Helicoverpa zea.},
	keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Baculoviridae, Base Sequence, Biological Evolution, Consensus Sequence, DNA Viruses, Female, Genome, Viral, Insect Viruses, Molecular Sequence Data, Moths, Open Reading Frames, Phylogeny, Sequence Alignment, Sequence Homology, Species Specificity, Viral Proteins},
	issn = {1999-4915},
	doi = {10.3390/v4010028},
	author = {Burand, John P and Kim, Woojin and Afonso, Claudio L and Tulman, Edan R and Kutish, Gerald F and Lu, Zhiqiang and Rock, Daniel L}
}
@article {358,
	title = {Presence and prevalence of viruses in local and migratory honeybees (Apis mellifera) in Massachusetts.},
	journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009 Dec},
	pages = {7862-5},
	abstract = {Migratory and local bees in Massachusetts were analyzed for seven viruses. Three were detected: black queen cell virus (BQCV), deformed wing virus (DWV), and sacbrood virus (SBV). DWV was most common, followed closely by BQCV and then by SBV. BQCV and SBV were present at significantly higher rates in the migratory bees assayed, bringing into question the impact that these bees have on the health of local bee populations.},
	keywords = {Animals, Beekeeping, Bees, Insect Viruses, Massachusetts, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction},
	issn = {1098-5336},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.01319-09},
	author = {Welch, Anna and Drummond, Francis and Tewari, Sunil and Averill, Anne and Burand, John P}
}
@article {361,
	title = {Infection with the insect virus Hz-2v alters mating behavior and pheromone production in female Helicoverpa zea moths.},
	journal = {J Insect Sci},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {6},
	abstract = {The effect of Hz-2V virus infection on the reproductive physiology and behavior of infected Helicoverpa zea female moths was examined. In the absence of males, infected females exhibited calling behavior and called as often but for shorter periods on average than control females. As expected, control females mated with males for extend periods when they were present and did not call after mating, while virus-infected females made many frequent contacts with males and continued to call even after these contacts. Virus-infected females were found to produce five to seven times more pheromone than control females and attracted twice as many males as did control females in flight tunnel experiments. The ability of Hz-2V to alter the physiology and behavior of infected females observed here may serve to facilitate the transmission of virus in insect populations.},
	keywords = {Animals, Female, Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical, Insect Viruses, Male, Moths, Pheromones, Sexual Behavior, Animal, Time Factors, Vocalization, Animal},
	issn = {1536-2442},
	author = {Burand, John P and Tan, Weijia and Kim, Woojin and Nojima, Satoshi and Roelofs, Wendell}
}
@article {363,
	title = {Horizontal transmission of Hz-2V by virus infected Helicoverpa zea moths.},
	journal = {J Invertebr Pathol},
	volume = {85},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004 Feb},
	pages = {128-31},
	abstract = {Helicoverpa zea female moths productively infected with Hz-2V have malformed reproductive tissues and are sterile. Virus replication in infected females occurs primarily in the reproductive tissues and culminates with the accumulation of virus-filled vesicles, which form plugs of virus covering the reproductive openings of these insects. The location of this large concentration of virus particles at the terminal abdominal segment of infected females suggests that it may serve as a source of virus that can be transmitted horizontally between moths during mating. In mating experiments it was found that healthy males are attracted to and attempt to mate with infected females, and that these males are able transmit Hz-2V to healthy females during subsequent matings, giving rise to virus infected progeny.},
	keywords = {Abdomen, Animals, Entomology, Female, Genitalia, Insect Vectors, Insect Viruses, Male, Moths, Sexual Behavior, Animal, Tissue Distribution},
	issn = {0022-2011},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2004.01.004},
	author = {Burand, John P and Rallis, Christopher P and Tan, Weijia}
}
@article {362,
	title = {In vivo dose-response of insects to Hz-2V infection.},
	journal = {Virol J},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {15},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Hz-2V infection of female Helicoverpa zea moths is manifested as insects that are either sterile "agonadal" individuals with malformed reproductive tissues or fertile asymptomatic carriers which are capable of transmitting virus on to their progeny. Virus infected progeny arising from eggs laid by asymptomatic carrier females may themselves be either sterile agonadals or asymptomatic carriers.

RESULTS: By injecting virus into female moths, a correlation was established between virus doses administered to the females and the levels of resulting asymptomatic and sterile progeny.

CONCLUSIONS: The results of these experiments indicate that high virus doses produced a higher level of agonadal progeny and lower doses produced higher levels of asymptomatic carriers.},
	keywords = {Animals, Female, Insect Viruses, Male, Moths, Ovum, Virus Diseases},
	issn = {1743-422X},
	doi = {10.1186/1743-422X-1-15},
	author = {Burand, John P and Rallis, Christopher P}
}
@article {364,
	title = {Pathology and ultrastructure of Hz-2V infection in the agonadal female corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea.},
	journal = {J Invertebr Pathol},
	volume = {81},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002 Sep},
	pages = {33-44},
	abstract = {The pathology and ultrastructure of the reproductive tract of Hz-2V-infected female corn earworm moths, Helicoverpa zea, were studied. The identity of malformed reproductive tissues found in virus-infected moths was determined by examining these tissues in moths that were infected with the virus at different life stages. Malformation of reproductive tissues in the progeny of virus-infected female moths was first observed by 3 days post-pupation (dpp), indicating that virus replication had altered the differentiation of these tissues very early on in their development. The ultrastructure of the grossly malformed agonadal reproductive tissues from insects aged 3-10dpp revealed the absence of the cuticular lining found in the oviducts of normal moths, and the proliferation of epithelial cells in these infected oviduct tissues. In addition, large quantities of virus were found aggregated into a large mass in the lumen of the malformed cervix bursa of 10dpp agonadal female pharate adult moths. Prior to eclosion, the virus in the cervix bursa was observed separated into spherical masses, which are thought to exude through the ductus bursa and collect over the vulva, forming a viral "waxy plug" that is likely to play an important role in virus transmission.},
	keywords = {Animals, Female, Insect Viruses, Microscopy, Electron, Moths, Virus Diseases},
	issn = {0022-2011},
	author = {Rallis, Christopher P and Burand, John P}
}
@article {365,
	title = {Pathology and ultrastructure of the insect virus, Hz-2V, infecting agonadal male corn earworms, Helicoverpa zea.},
	journal = {J Invertebr Pathol},
	volume = {80},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002 Jun},
	pages = {81-9},
	abstract = {The pathology of the reproductive tract of Hz-2V-infected agonadal male corn earworm moths, Helicoverpa zea, was studied. The examination of the reproductive tissues of adult agonadal males infected with Hz-2V during different lifestages allowed us to positively correlate the grossly malformed tissues of typical agonadal male moths to the corresponding normal tissues in uninfected males. The reproductive tissues responsible for producing sperm, a pheromonostatic peptide (PSP), and the spermatophore in normal male moths were absent or grossly malformed in the agonadal male moths. Hz-2V was observed replicating in one area of these malformed reproductive tissues in pharate adult males as early as 7 days post-pupation. Interestingly, reproductive tissues essential for initiation of copulation and transfer of reproductive fluids into a female moth during mating appear to be intact and may be functional. These data suggest that agonadal adult males are able to mate with healthy female moths and transfer Hz-2V particles, without fertilizing female moths or altering their sexual receptivity to further mating with other male moths.},
	keywords = {Animals, Female, Insect Viruses, Male, Moths, Testis, Virus Diseases},
	issn = {0022-2011},
	author = {Rallis, Christopher P and Burand, John P}
}
