@article {540,
	title = {Evidence for involvement of an electron shuttle in electricity generation by Geothrix fermentans.},
	journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {71},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005 Apr},
	pages = {2186-9},
	abstract = {In experiments performed using graphite electrodes poised by a potentiostat (+200 mV versus Ag/AgCl) or in a microbial fuel cell (with oxygen as the electron acceptor), the Fe(III)-reducing organism Geothrix fermentans conserved energy to support growth by coupling the complete oxidation of acetate to reduction of a graphite electrode. Other organic compounds, such as lactate, malate, propionate, and succinate as well as components of peptone and yeast extract, were utilized for electricity production. However, electrical characteristics and the results of shuttling assays indicated that unlike previously described electrode-reducing microorganisms, G. fermentans produced a compound that promoted electrode reduction. This is the first report of complete oxidation of organic compounds linked to electrode reduction by an isolate outside of the Proteobacteria.},
	keywords = {Acetates, Bacteria, Bioelectric Energy Sources, Electricity, Electrodes, Electron Transport, Graphite, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Oxidation-Reduction},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.4.2186-2189.2005},
	author = {Bond, Daniel R and Lovley, Derek R}
}
@article {559,
	title = {Electron transfer by Desulfobulbus propionicus to Fe(III) and graphite electrodes.},
	journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004 Feb},
	pages = {1234-7},
	abstract = {Desulfobulbus propionicus was able to grow with Fe(III), the humic acids analog anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS), or a graphite electrode as an electron acceptor. These results provide an explanation for the enrichment of Desulfobulbaceae species on the surface of electrodes harvesting electricity from anaerobic marine sediments and further expand the diversity of microorganisms known to have the ability to use both sulfate and Fe(III) as an electron acceptor.},
	keywords = {Culture Media, Deltaproteobacteria, Electrodes, Electron Transport, Ferric Compounds, Graphite, Oxidation-Reduction, Pyruvic Acid, Sulfates},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	author = {Holmes, Dawn E and Bond, Daniel R and Lovley, Derek R}
}
@article {552,
	title = {Graphite electrodes as electron donors for anaerobic respiration.},
	journal = {Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004 Jun},
	pages = {596-604},
	abstract = {It has been demonstrated previously that Geobacter species can transfer electrons directly to electrodes. In order to determine whether electrodes could serve as electron donors for microbial respiration, enrichment cultures were established from a sediment inoculum with a potentiostat-poised graphite electrode as the sole electron donor and nitrate as the electron acceptor. Nitrate was reduced to nitrite with the consumption of electrical current. The stoichiometry of electron and nitrate consumption and nitrite accumulation were consistent with the electrode serving as the sole electron donor for nitrate reduction. Analysis of 16 rRNA gene sequences demonstrated that the electrodes supplied with current were specifically enriched in microorganisms with sequences most closely related to the sequences of known Geobacter species. A pure culture of Geobacter metallireducens was shown to reduce nitrate to nitrite with the electrode as the sole electron donor with the expected stoichiometry of electron consumption. Cells attached to the electrode appeared to be responsible for the nitrate reduction. Attached cells of Geobacter sulfurreducens reduced fumarate to succinate with the electrode as an electron donor. These results demonstrate for the first time that electrodes may serve as a direct electron donor for anaerobic respiration. This finding has implications for the harvesting of electricity from anaerobic sediments and the bioremediation of oxidized contaminants.},
	keywords = {Anaerobiosis, Electrodes, Electrons, Fumarates, Geobacter, Geologic Sediments, Graphite, Kinetics, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Nitrates, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Sequence Analysis, DNA},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00593.x},
	author = {Gregory, Kelvin B and Bond, Daniel R and Lovley, Derek R}
}
