@article {557,
	title = {Geobacter sulfurreducens can grow with oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor.},
	journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004 Apr},
	pages = {2525-8},
	abstract = {Geobacter sulfurreducens, previously classified as a strict anaerobe, tolerated exposure to atmospheric oxygen for at least 24 h and grew with oxygen as the sole electron acceptor at concentrations of 10\% or less in the headspace. These results help explain how Geobacter species may survive in oxic subsurface environments, being poised to rapidly take advantage of the development of anoxic conditions.},
	keywords = {Aerobiosis, Anaerobiosis, Electron Transport, Environmental Microbiology, Geobacter, Oxygen},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	author = {Lin, W C and Coppi, M V and Lovley, D R}
}
@article {562,
	title = {Genome of Geobacter sulfurreducens: metal reduction in subsurface environments.},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {302},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003 Dec 12},
	pages = {1967-9},
	abstract = {The complete genome sequence of Geobacter sulfurreducens, a delta-proteobacterium, reveals unsuspected capabilities, including evidence of aerobic metabolism, one-carbon and complex carbon metabolism, motility, and chemotactic behavior. These characteristics, coupled with the possession of many two-component sensors and many c-type cytochromes, reveal an ability to create alternative, redundant, electron transport networks and offer insights into the process of metal ion reduction in subsurface environments. As well as playing roles in the global cycling of metals and carbon, this organism clearly has the potential for use in bioremediation of radioactive metals and in the generation of electricity.},
	keywords = {Acetates, Acetyl Coenzyme A, Aerobiosis, Anaerobiosis, Bacterial Proteins, Carbon, Chemotaxis, Chromosomes, Bacterial, Cytochromes c, Electron Transport, Energy Metabolism, Genes, Bacterial, Genes, Regulator, Genome, Bacterial, Geobacter, Hydrogen, Metals, Movement, Open Reading Frames, Oxidation-Reduction, Phylogeny},
	issn = {1095-9203},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1088727},
	author = {Meth{\'e}, B A and Nelson, K E and Eisen, J A and Paulsen, I T and Nelson, W and Heidelberg, J F and Wu, D and Wu, M and Ward, N and Beanan, M J and Dodson, R J and Madupu, R and Brinkac, L M and Daugherty, S C and DeBoy, R T and Durkin, A S and Gwinn, M and Kolonay, J F and Sullivan, S A and Haft, D H and Selengut, J and Davidsen, T M and Zafar, N and White, O and Tran, B and Romero, C and Forberger, H A and Weidman, J and Khouri, H and Feldblyum, T V and Utterback, T R and Van Aken, S E and Lovley, D R and Fraser, C M}
}
@article {601,
	title = {Geobacter hydrogenophilus, Geobacter chapellei and Geobacter grbiciae, three new, strictly anaerobic, dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducers.},
	journal = {Int J Syst Evol Microbiol},
	volume = {51},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001 Mar},
	pages = {581-8},
	abstract = {Recent studies on the diversity and ubiquity of Fe(III)-reducing organisms in different environments led to the isolation and identification of four new dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducers (strains H-2T, 172T, TACP-2T and TACP-5). All four isolates are non-motile, Gram-negative, freshwater, mesophilic, strict anaerobes with morphology identical to that of Geobacter metallireducens strain GS-15T. Analysis of the 16S rRNA sequences indicated that the new isolates belong to the genus Geobacter, in the delta-Proteobacteria. Significant differences in phenotypic characteristics, DNA-DNA homology and G+C content indicated that the four isolates represent three new species of the genus. The names Geobacter hydrogenophilus sp. nov. (strain H-2T), Geobacter chapellei sp. nov. (strain 172T) and Geobacter grbiciae sp. nov. (strains TACP-2T and TACP-5) are proposed. Geobacter hydrogenophilus and Geobacter chapellei were isolated from a petroleum-contaminated aquifer and a pristine, deep, subsurface aquifer, respectively. Geobacter grbiciae was isolated from aquatic sediments. All of the isolates can obtain energy for growth by coupling the oxidation of acetate to the reduction of Fe(III). The four isolates also coupled Fe(III) reduction to the oxidation of other simple, volatile fatty acids. In addition, Geobacter hydrogenophilus and Geobacter grbiciae were able to oxidize aromatic compounds such as benzoate, whilst Geobacter grbiciae was also able to use the monoaromatic hydrocarbon toluene.},
	keywords = {Base Composition, Deltaproteobacteria, Ferric Compounds, Gram-Negative Anaerobic Straight, Curved, and Helical Rods, Hydrocarbons, Iron, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, Oxidation-Reduction, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S},
	issn = {1466-5026},
	author = {Coates, J D and Bhupathiraju, V K and Achenbach, L A and Mclnerney, M J and Lovley, D R}
}
@article {616,
	title = {Geothrix fermentans gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel Fe(III)-reducing bacterium from a hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer.},
	journal = {Int J Syst Bacteriol},
	volume = {49 Pt 4},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999 Oct},
	pages = {1615-22},
	abstract = {In an attempt to understand better the micro-organisms involved in anaerobic degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons in the Fe(III)-reducing zone of petroleum-contaminated aquifers, Fe(III)-reducing micro-organisms were isolated from contaminated aquifer material that had been adapted for rapid oxidation of toluene coupled to Fe(III) reduction. One of these organisms, strain H-5T, was enriched and isolated on acetate/Fe(III) medium. Strain H-5T is a Gram-negative strict anaerobe that grows with various simple organic acids such as acetate, propionate, lactate and fumarate as alternative electron donors with Fe(III) as the electron acceptor. In addition, strain H-5T also oxidizes long-chain fatty acids such as palmitate with Fe(III) as the sole electron acceptor. Strain H-5T can also grow by fermentation of citrate or fumarate in the absence of an alternative electron acceptor. The primary end-products of citrate fermentation are acetate and succinate. In addition to various forms of soluble and insoluble Fe(III), strain H-5T grows with nitrate, Mn(IV), fumarate and the humic acid analogue 2,6-anthraquinone disulfonate as alternative electron acceptors. As with other organisms that can oxidize organic compounds completely with the reduction of Fe(III), cell suspensions of strain H-5T have absorbance maxima indicative of a c-type cytochrome(s). It is proposed that strain H-5T represents a novel genus in the Holophaga-Acidobacterium phylum and that it should be named Geothrix fermentans sp. nov., gen. nov.},
	keywords = {Biodegradation, Environmental, DNA, Bacterial, DNA, Ribosomal, Ferric Compounds, Geologic Sediments, Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria, Molecular Sequence Data, Oxidation-Reduction, Petroleum, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Water Supply},
	issn = {0020-7713},
	author = {Coates, J D and Ellis, D J and Gaw, C V and Lovley, D R}
}
@article {623,
	title = {Growth of geobacter sulfurreducens with acetate in syntrophic cooperation with hydrogen-oxidizing anaerobic partners},
	journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {64},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998 Jun},
	pages = {2232-6},
	abstract = {Pure cultures of Geobacter sulfurreducens and other Fe(III)-reducing bacteria accumulated hydrogen to partial pressures of 5 to 70 Pa with acetate, butyrate, benzoate, ethanol, lactate, or glucose as the electron donor if electron release to an acceptor was limiting. G. sulfurreducens coupled acetate oxidation with electron transfer to an anaerobic partner bacterium in the absence of ferric iron or other electron acceptors. Cocultures of G. sulfurreducens and Wolinella succinogenes with nitrate as the electron acceptor degraded acetate efficiently and grew with doubling times of 6 to 8 h. The hydrogen partial pressures in these acetate-degrading cocultures were considerably lower, in the range of 0.02 to 0.04 Pa. From these values and the concentrations of the other reactants, it was calculated that in this cooperation the free energy change available to G. sulfurreducens should be about -53 kJ per mol of acetate oxidized, assuming complete conversion of acetate to CO2 and H2. However, growth yields (18.5 g of dry mass per mol of acetate for the coculture, about 14 g for G. sulfurreducens) indicated considerably higher energy gains. These yield data, measurement of hydrogen production rates, and calculation of the diffusive hydrogen flux indicated that electron transfer in these cocultures may not proceed exclusively via interspecies hydrogen transfer but may also proceed through an alternative carrier system with higher redox potential, e.g., a c-type cytochrome that was found to be excreted by G. sulfurreducens into the culture fluid. Syntrophic acetate degradation was also possible with G. sulfurreducens and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans CSN but only with nitrate as electron acceptor. These cultures produced cell yields of 4.5 g of dry mass per mol of acetate, to which both partners contributed at about equal rates. These results demonstrate that some Fe(III)-reducing bacteria can oxidize organic compounds under Fe(III) limitation with the production of hydrogen, and they provide the first example of rapid acetate oxidation via interspecies electron transfer at moderate temperature.},
	issn = {1098-5336},
	author = {Cord-Ruwisch, R and Lovley, D R and Schink, B}
}
@article {630,
	title = {Geovibrio ferrireducens, a phylogenetically distinct dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacterium.},
	journal = {Arch Microbiol},
	volume = {165},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996 Jun},
	pages = {370-6},
	abstract = {A new, phylogenetically distinct, dissimilatory, Fe(III)-reducing bacterium was isolated from surface sediment of a hydrocarbon-contaminated ditch. The isolate, designated strain PAL-1, was an obligately anaerobic, non-fermentative, motile, gram-negative vibrio. PAL-1 grew in a defined medium with acetate as electron donor and ferric pyrophosphate, ferric oxyhydroxide, ferric citrate, Co(III)-EDTA, or elemental sulfur as sole electron acceptor. PAL-1 also used proline, hydrogen, lactate, propionate, succinate, fumarate, pyruvate, or yeast extract as electron donors for Fe(III) reduction. It is the first bacterium known to couple the oxidation of an amino acid to Fe(III) reduction. PAl-1 did not reduce oxygen, Mn(IV), U(VI), Cr(VI), nitrate, sulfate, sulfite, or thiosulfate with acetate as the electron donor. Cell suspensions of PAL-1 exhibited dithionite-reduced minus air-oxidized difference spectra that were characteristic of c-type cytochromes. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of PAL-1 showed that the strain is not related to any of the described metal-reducing bacteria in the Proteobacteria and, together with Flexistipes sinusarabici, forms a separate line of descent within the Bacteria. Phenotypically and phylogenetically, strain PAl-1 differs from all other described bacteria, and represents the type strain of a new genus and species, Geovibrio ferrireducens.},
	keywords = {Bacteria, Base Composition, Iron, Phylogeny},
	issn = {0302-8933},
	author = {Caccavo, F and Coates, J D and Rossello-Mora, R A and Ludwig, W and Schleifer, K H and Lovley, D R and McInerney, M J}
}
@article {638,
	title = {Growth of Strain SES-3 with Arsenate and Other Diverse Electron Acceptors.},
	journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {61},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995 Oct},
	pages = {3556-61},
	abstract = {The selenate-respiring bacterial strain SES-3 was able to use a variety of inorganic electron acceptors to sustain growth. SES-3 grew with the reduction of arsenate to arsenite, Fe(III) to Fe(II), or thiosulfate to sulfide. It also grew in medium in which elemental sulfur, Mn(IV), nitrite, trimethylamine N-oxide, or fumarate was provided as an electron acceptor. Growth on oxygen was microaerophilic. There was no growth with arsenite or chromate. Washed suspensions of cells grown on selenate or nitrate had a constitutive ability to reduce arsenate but were unable to reduce arsenite. These results suggest that strain SES-3 may occupy a niche as an environmental opportunist by being able to take advantage of a diversity of electron acceptors.},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	author = {Laverman, A M and Blum, J S and Schaefer, J K and Phillips, E and Lovley, D R and Oremland, R S}
}
@article {642,
	title = {Geobacter sulfurreducens sp. nov., a hydrogen- and acetate-oxidizing dissimilatory metal-reducing microorganism.},
	journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {60},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994 Oct},
	pages = {3752-9},
	abstract = {A dissimilatory metal- and sulfur-reducing microorganism was isolated from surface sediments of a hydrocarbon-contaminated ditch in Norman, Okla. The isolate, which was designated strain PCA, was an obligately anaerobic, nonfermentative nonmotile, gram-negative rod. PCA grew in a defined medium with acetate as an electron donor and ferric PPi, ferric oxyhydroxide, ferric citrate, elemental sulfur, Co(III)-EDTA, fumarate, or malate as the sole electron acceptor. PCA also coupled the oxidation of hydrogen to the reduction of Fe(III) but did not reduce Fe(III) with sulfur, glucose, lactate, fumarate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, succinate, yeast extract, phenol, benzoate, ethanol, propanol, or butanol as an electron donor. PCA did not reduce oxygen, Mn(IV), U(VI), nitrate, sulfate, sulfite, or thiosulfate with acetate as the electron donor. Cell suspensions of PCA exhibited dithionite-reduced minus air-oxidized difference spectra which were characteristic of c-type cytochromes. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA sequence placed PCA in the delta subgroup of the proteobacteria. Its closest known relative is Geobacter metallireducens. The ability to utilize either hydrogen or acetate as the sole electron donor for Fe(III) reduction makes strain PCA a unique addition to the relatively small group of respiratory metal-reducing microorganisms available in pure culture. A new species name, Geobacter sulfurreducens, is proposed.},
	keywords = {Acetic Acid, Acetic Acids, Base Sequence, DNA Primers, DNA, Bacterial, DNA, Ribosomal, Electron Transport, Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria, Hydrogen, Metals, Microscopy, Electron, Molecular Sequence Data, Oxidation-Reduction, Phylogeny, RNA, Bacterial, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Soil Microbiology},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	author = {Caccavo, F and Lonergan, D J and Lovley, D R and Davis, M and Stolz, J F and McInerney, M J}
}
@article {651,
	title = {Geobacter metallireducens gen. nov. sp. nov., a microorganism capable of coupling the complete oxidation of organic compounds to the reduction of iron and other metals.},
	journal = {Arch Microbiol},
	volume = {159},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {336-44},
	abstract = {The gram-negative metal-reducing microorganism, previously known as strain GS-15, was further characterized. This strict anaerobe oxidizes several short-chain fatty acids, alcohols, and monoaromatic compounds with Fe(III) as the sole electron acceptor. Furthermore, acetate is also oxidized with the reduction of Mn(IV), U(VI), and nitrate. In whole cell suspensions, the c-type cytochrome(s) of this organism was oxidized by physiological electron acceptors and also by gold, silver, mercury, and chromate. Menaquinone was recovered in concentrations comparable to those previously found in gram-negative sulfate reducers. Profiles of the phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids indicated that both the anaerobic desaturase and the branched pathways for fatty acid biosynthesis were operative. The organism contained three lipopolysaccharide hydroxy fatty acids which have not been previously reported in microorganisms, but have been observed in anaerobic freshwater sediments. The 16S rRNA sequence indicated that this organism belongs in the delta proteobacteria. Its closest known relative is Desulfuromonas acetoxidans. The name Geobacter metallireducens is proposed.},
	keywords = {Cytochrome c Group, Fatty Acids, Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria, Iron, Oxidation-Reduction, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S},
	issn = {0302-8933},
	author = {Lovley, D R and Giovannoni, S J and White, D C and Champine, J E and Phillips, E J and Gorby, Y A and Goodwin, S}
}
