@article {408,
	title = {Real-time spatial gene expression analysis within current-producing biofilms.},
	journal = {ChemSusChem},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012 Jun},
	pages = {1092-8},
	abstract = {<p>The expression of genes involved in central metabolism and extracellular electron transfer was examined in real-time in current-producing anode biofilms of Geobacter sulfurreducens. Strains of G. sulfurreducens were generated, in which the expression of the gene for a short half-life fluorescent protein was placed under control of the promoter of the genes of interest. Anode biofilms were grown in a chamber that permitted direct examination of the cell fluorescence with confocal scanning laser microscopy. Studies on nifD and citrate synthase expression in response to environmental changes demonstrated that the reporter system revealed initiation and termination of gene transcription. Uniform expression throughout the biofilms was noted for the genes for citrate synthase; PilA, the structural protein of the conductive pili; and OmcZ, a c-type cytochrome essential for optimal current production, which was localized at the anode-biofilm interface. These results demonstrate that even cells at great distance from the anode, or within expected low-pH zones, are metabolically active and likely to contribute to current production and that there are factors other than gene expression differences influencing the distribution of OmcZ. This real-time reporter approach is likely to be a useful tool in optimizing the design of technologies relying on microbe-electrode interactions.</p>},
	keywords = {Bacterial Proteins, Bioelectric Energy Sources, Biofilms, Citrate (si)-Synthase, Cytochrome c Group, Fimbriae Proteins, Fimbriae, Bacterial, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Geobacter, Quaternary Ammonium Compounds},
	issn = {1864-564X},
	doi = {10.1002/cssc.201100714},
	author = {Franks, Ashley E and Glaven, Richard H and Lovley, Derek R}
}
@article {442,
	title = {Production of pilus-like filaments in Geobacter sulfurreducens in the absence of the type IV pilin protein PilA.},
	journal = {FEMS Microbiol Lett},
	volume = {310},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010 Sep 1},
	pages = {62-8},
	abstract = {The pili of Geobacter sulfurreducens are of interest because of the apparent importance of the type IV pili in extracellular electron transfer. A strain of G. sulfurreducens, designated strain MA, produced many more pili than the previously studied DL-1 strain even though genome resequencing indicated that the MA and DL-1 genome sequences were identical. Filaments that looked similar to type IV pili in transmission electron micrographs were abundant even after the gene encoding PilA, the structural pilin protein, was deleted. The results of proteinase K treatment indicated that the filaments were proteinaceous. The simultaneous deletion of several genes encoding homologues of type II pseudopilins was required before the filaments were significantly depleted. The pilA-deficient MA strain attached to glass as well as the wild-type MA did, but strains in which three or four pseudopilin genes were deleted in addition to pilA had impaired attachment capabilities. These results demonstrate that there are several proteins that can yield pilin-like filaments in G. sulfurreducens and that some means other than microscopic observation is required before the composition of filaments can be unambiguously specified.},
	keywords = {Bacterial Adhesion, Fimbriae Proteins, Fimbriae, Bacterial, Gene Deletion, Geobacter, Glass, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission},
	issn = {1574-6968},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02046.x},
	author = {Klimes, Anna and Franks, Ashley E and Glaven, Richard H and Tran, Hoa and Barrett, Christian L and Qiu, Yu and Zengler, Karsten and Lovley, Derek R}
}
