@article {3116,
	title = {Visualization of charge propagation along individual pili proteins using ambient electrostatic force microscopy.},
	journal = {Nat Nanotechnol},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2014},
	month = {2014 Dec},
	pages = {1012-7},
	abstract = {<p>The nanoscale imaging of charge flow in proteins is crucial to understanding several life processes, including respiration, metabolism and photosynthesis. However, existing imaging methods are only effective under non-physiological conditions or are limited to photosynthetic proteins. Here, we show that electrostatic force microscopy can be used to directly visualize charge propagation along pili of Geobacter sulfurreducens with nanometre resolution and under ambient conditions. Charges injected at a single point into individual, untreated pili, which are still attached to cells, propagated over the entire filament. The mobile charge density in the pili, as well as the temperature and pH dependence of the charge density, were similar to those of carbon nanotubes and other organic conductors. These findings, coupled with a lack of charge propagation in mutated pili that were missing key aromatic amino acids, suggest that the pili of G. sulfurreducens function as molecular wires with transport via delocalized charges, rather than the hopping mechanism that is typical of biological electron transport.</p>},
	keywords = {Fimbriae Proteins, Fimbriae, Bacterial, Geobacter, Microscopy, Electrochemical, Scanning},
	issn = {1748-3395},
	doi = {10.1038/nnano.2014.236},
	author = {Malvankar, Nikhil S and Yalcin, Sibel Ebru and Tuominen, Mark T and Lovley, Derek R}
}
@article {553,
	title = {Vanadium respiration by Geobacter metallireducens: novel strategy for in situ removal of vanadium from groundwater.},
	journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004 May},
	pages = {3091-5},
	abstract = {Vanadium can be an important contaminant in groundwaters impacted by mining activities. In order to determine if microorganisms of the Geobacteraceae, the predominant dissimilatory metal reducers in many subsurface environments, were capable of reducing vanadium(V), Geobacter metallireducens was inoculated into a medium in which acetate was the electron donor and vanadium(V) was the sole electron acceptor. Reduction of vanadium(V) resulted in the production of vanadium(IV), which subsequently precipitated. Reduction of vanadium(V) was associated with cell growth with a generation time of 15 h. No vanadium(V) was reduced and no precipitate was formed in heat-killed or abiotic controls. Acetate was the most effective of all the electron donors evaluated. When acetate was injected into the subsurface to enhance the growth and activity of Geobacteraceae in an aquifer contaminated with uranium and vanadium, vanadium was removed from the groundwater even more effectively than uranium. These studies demonstrate that G. metallireducens can grow via vanadium(V) respiration and that stimulating the activity of Geobacteraceae, and hence vanadium(V) reduction, can be an effective strategy for in situ immobilization of vanadium in contaminated subsurface environments.},
	keywords = {Anaerobiosis, Biodegradation, Environmental, Culture Media, Fresh Water, Geobacter, Geologic Sediments, Mining, Oxidation-Reduction, Vanadium, Water Pollution, Chemical},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	author = {Ortiz-Bernad, Irene and Anderson, Robert T and Vrionis, Helen A and Lovley, Derek R}
}
